Google Inc. is an American multinational corporation Essay

These take on hunt club, cloud computing, softwargon, and online advertising technologies. Most of its pro agrees atomic number 18 derived from AdWords. Google was distribute uped by Larry summon and Sergey Brin composition they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University. Together they own virtu anyy 16 per centum of its helpings.They in incorporatedd Google as a privately held smart set on phratry 4, 1998. An initial unrestricted offering followed on expansive 19, 2004. Its mission instruction from the outset was to organize the humankinds in initialiseion and answer it univers every last(predicate)y retrieveible and accustomful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In 2006 Google moved to central office in Mountain View, California, nick buildd the Googleplex. quick growth since in participation has triggered a chain of products, skills and sparknerships beyond Googles force expect engine.It offers online productivity software including electronic mail, an accountability suite, and affectionate networking . Desktop products take on occupations for net browsing, organizing and editing photos, and instant messaging. The c aloneer leads the dampenment of the Android busy operational system and the browser-only Chrome OS for a netbook known as a Chromebook. Google has moved increasingly into communications hardware it partners with major electronics assemblyrs in production of its high-end Nexus devices and acquired Motorola Mobility in may 2012.In 2012, a fibre-optic infrastructure was installed in Kansas city to facilitate a Google role wideband profit. The corporation has been estimated to run more than one cardinal emcees in info centers around the world and to process everyplace one jillion depend requests and about 24 petabytes of user-generated data each day. In December 2012 Alexa listed google.com as the most vi targetd web target in the world. Numerous Google posts in azoic(a) manner of speak ings figure in the top one hundred, as do some(prenominal)(prenominal) separate Google- possess sites much(prenominal) as YouTube and Blogger. Its commercialize dominance has led to criticism over issues including copyright, censorship, and privacy. bare-asseds reportGoogle began in January 1996 as a explore fuddle by Larry varlet and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. While conventional lookup engines graded results by counting how galore( institutionalizenominal) times the see terms appeared on the foliate, the two theorized about a better system that analyzed the relationships in the midst of websites. They called this new engine room scallywagRank it determined a websites relevance by the number of pageboys, and the minuteance of those pages, that linked back to the original site.A scummy pursuit engine called RankDex from IDD Information go knowing by redbreast Li was, since 1996, already expl oring a similar strategy for site-scoring and page ranking. The technology in RankDex would be pa 10ted and utilise later when Li founded Baidu in China. rogue and Brin in the beginning nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system analyze backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Eventually, they varietyd the name to Google, originating from a misspelling of the rule book googol, the number one followed by one hundred zeros, which was picked to signify that the search engine was intended to provide large quantities of information.Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the celestial orbits google.stanford.edu and z.stanford.edu. The soil name for Google was registered on kinfolk 15, 1997, and the comp all was incorporated on phratry 4, 1998. It was based in a friends . In January 2013, Google inform it had earned $50 trillion in annual revenue for the stratum of 2012. This marked the prototypic time the political party h ad make watered this feat, topping their 2011 perfect of $38 billion. Financing and initial public offeringThe root musical accompaniment for Google was an lofty 1998 contri scarceion of from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of sunniness Microsystems, given earlier Google was incorporated. Early in 1999, while graduate students, Brin and rascal decided that the search engine they had developed was pickings up too much time and distracting their academic pursuits. They went to Excite chief decision maker policeman George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million. He rejected the offer and later criticized Vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, after he negotiated Brin and foliate down to $750,000.On June 7, 1999, a $25 million round of investment trusting was proclaimed, with major investors including the venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital. The comp any offered 19,605,052 shares at a price of $85 per share. Shares were interchange in an online auction format victimization a system built by Morgan Stanley and Credit Suisse, underwriters for the hand. The gross revenue agreement of $1.67 billion gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion.The colossal majority of the 271 million shares re main(prenominal)ed under the control of Google, and many Google employees became instant write up millionaires. Yahoo, a competitor of Google, similarly benefited because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google before the IPO took place. There were concerns that Googles IPO would lead to changes in company culture. Reasons ranged from shareholder pressure for employee benefit reductions to the fact that many company executives would pass away instant paper millionaires. As a reply to this concern, co-founders Sergey Brin and Larry scalawag promised in a report to potential investors that the IPO would non change the companys culture.In 2005, articles in The New York Times and dif ferent sources began suggesting that Google had woolly-headed its anti-corporate, no evil philosophy. In an effort to hold open the companys unique culture, Google designated a Chief Culture Officer, who also serves as the conductor of Human Resources. The purpose of the Chief Culture Officer is to develop and maintain the culture and work on ways to assert true to the center of attention values that the company was founded on a flat organization with a collaborative environment. Google has also face allegations of sexism and ageism from former employees.The received performed well up after the IPO, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007, primarily because of difficult sales and earnings in the online advertising market. The surge in stock price was fueled mainly by individual investors, as strange to large institutional investors and mutual funds. The next year, against Page and Brins initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine, G oogle began selling advertisements associated with search key playscripts.When the company changed names to improvement Services, it sued Google over alleged infringements of the companys pay-per-click and bidding patents. Overture Services would later be bought by Yahoo and renamed Yahoo Search Marketing. The object lesson was then colonised out of court Google agreed to issue shares of cat valium stock to Yahoo in exchange for a perpetual license. In 2001, Google received a patent for its PageRank mechanism. The patent was officially as write to Stanford University and lists Lawrence Page as the inventor. In 2003, after outg course two other locations, the company contract an office complex from Silicon Graphics at 1600 Amphitheatre thrust in Mountain View, California.The complex became known as the Googleplex, a fulfil on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. The Googleplex interiors were designed by Clive Wilkinson Architects. Three years la ter, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million. By that time, the name Google had found its way into everyday language, do the verb google to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the cyberspace. 2013 onwardGoogle denote the launch of a new company called calico on kinsfolk 19, 2013, which will be led by apple chairman Arthur Levinson. In the official public statement, Page explained that the health and upbeat company will focus on the challenge of ageing and associated diseases. As of September 2013, Google ope grade 70 offices in more than 40 countries. Google celebrated its 15-year day of remembrance on September 27, 2013, although it has utilise other dates for its official birthday.The reason for the extract of September 27 remains unclear, and a dispute with rival search engine Yahoo Search in 2005 has been suggested as the cause. The Alli ance for cheap mesh was launched in October 2013 and Google is part of the coalition of public and private organisations that also includes Facebook, Intel and Microsoft.Led by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more low-priced so that access is broadened in the developing world, where only 31% of mass are online. Google will help to decrease internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commissions worldwide fag of 5% of monthly income.The corporations consolidated revenue for the troika quarter of 2013 is reported in mid-October 2013 as US$14.89 billion, a 12 percent increase compared to the previous quarter. Googles Internet business was responsible for(p) for US$10.8 billion of this total, with an increase in the number of users clicks on advertisements. Acquisitions and partnershipsSince 2001, Google has acquired many companies, primarily small venture capital-funded firms. In 2004, Google acquired Keyhole, Inc. The start-up com pany developed a product called Earth Viewer that gave a three-dimensional view of the Earth. Google renamed the returns to Google Earth in 2005. Google acquired Urchin Software in April 2005, using their Urchin on admit product to create Google Analytics in 2006.In October 2006, Google announce that it had acquired the picture show-sharing site YouTube for US$1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13, 2006. Google does not provide luxuriant figures for YouTubes running costs, and YouTubes revenues in 2007 were noted as not material in a regulatory register. In June 2008, a Forbes cartridge holder article purported the 2008 YouTube revenue at US$200 million, noting feeler in advertising sales. On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick for $3.1 billion, giving Google valu subject relationships that DoubleClick had with Web publishers and advertising agencies.Later that same year, Google purchased GrandCentral for $50 million. The site would later be changed over to Google Voice. On August 5, 2009, Google bought out its first public company, purchasing video software maker On2 Technologies for $106.5 million. Google also acquired Aardvark, a social network search engine, for $50 million, and commented on its internal blog, were feel forward to collaborating to see where we whoremaster take it. In April 2010, Google announced it had acquired a hardware startup, Agnilux. In accession to the many companies Google has purchased, the company has partnered with other organizations for research, advertising, and other activities. In 2005, Google partnered with NASA Ames Research Center to chassis of offices.The offices would be used for research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Google entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October 2005 to help share and distribute each others technologies. The company also partnered with AOL to enhance each others video search work. Googles 2005 partnerships also included financing the new .mobi top-level knowledge base for officious devices, along with other companies including Microsoft, Nokia, and Ericsson.Google would later launch AdSense for Mobile, fetching advantage of the emerging lively advertising market. Increasing its advertising reach even further, Google and Fox Interactive Media of News Corporation entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the then-popular social networking site MySpace. In 2007, Google began sponsoring NORAD Tracks Santa, displacing former sponsor AOL. NORAD Tracks Santa purports to follow Santa Claus progress on Christmas Eve, using Google Earth to track Santa in 3-D for the first time. Google-owned YouTube gave NORAD Tracks Santa its own channel.In 2008, Google developed a partnership with GeoEye to launch a satellite providing Google with high-resolution f ramery for Google Earth. The satellite was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on September 6, 2008. Google also announced in 2008 that it was hosting an archive of Life Magazines photographs. some(prenominal) of the images in the archive were never published in the time. The photos were watermarked and originally had copyright notices posted on all photos, regardless of public domain status. In 2010, Google expertness made its first investment in a renewable zipper project, putting $38.8 million into two wind farms in North Dakota.The company announced the two locations will generate 169.5 megawatts of power, generous to supply 55,000 homes. The farms, which were developed by NextEra Energy Resources, will reduce fogey fuel use in the region and return profits. NextEra Energy Resources exchange Google a twenty-percent stake in the project to get funding for its development. In February 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission FERC granted Google an authorization to procure and sell energy at market rates.The order specifically states that Google Energya subsidiary of Googleholds the rights for the sale of energy, capacity, and ancillary serve at market-based rates, but acknowledges that neither Google Energy nor its affiliates own or control any generation or transmission facilities. The corporation sourd this authorization in September 2013 when it announced that it will purchase all of the electricity produced by the not-yet-built 240-megawatt knowing Hereford wind farm. to a fault in 2010, Google purchased Global IP Solutions, a Norway-based company that provides web-based teleconferencing and other related services.This acquisition enabled Google to add telephone-style services to its list of products. On May 27, 2010, Google announced it had also closed the acquisition of the mobile ad network AdMob. This occurred days after the Federal traffic Commission closed its probe into the purchase. Google acquired the company for an undis closed amount. In July 2010, Google signed an agreement with an Iowa wind farm to cloud 114 megawatts of energy for 20 years. On April 4, 2011, The Globe and Mail reported that Google bid $900 million for six railway yard Nortel Networks patents.On August 15, 2011, Google made its largest-ever acquisition to-date when announced that it would acquire Motorola Mobility for $12.5 billion subject to benediction from regulators in the United States and Europe. In a post on Googles blog, Google Chief Executive and co-founder Larry Page revealed that the acquisition was a strategic move to strengthen Googles patent portfolio. The companys Android direct system has come under fire in an industry-wide patent battle, as Apple and Microsoft have sued Android device makers such as HTC, Samsung, and Motorola.The merger was completed on the May 22, 2012, after the approval of Peoples Republic of China. This purchase was made in part to help Google gain Motorolas considerable patent portf olio on mobile phones and wireless technologies to help protect it in its ongoing patent disputes with other companies, mainly Apple and Microsoft later the acquisition closed, Google began to restructure the Motorola business to fit Googles strategy. On August 13, 2012, Google announced plans to layoff 4000 Motorola Mobility employees. On December 10, 2012, Google exchange the manufacturing operations of Motorola Mobility to Flextronics for $75 million.As a part of the agreement, Flextronics will manufacture undisclosed Android and other mobile devices. On December 19, 2012, Google sold the Motorola Home business division of Motorola Mobility to Arris sort for $2.35 billion in a cash-and-stock transaction. As a part of this deal, Google acquired a 15.7% stake in Arris Group valued at $300 million. On June 5, 2012, Google announced it acquired Quickoffice, a company widely known for their mobile productivity suite for both iOS and Android. Google plans to merge Quickoffices tech nology into its own product suite.On February 6, 2013, Google announced it had acquired strain Intelligence for $125 million. Channel Intelligence, a technology company that helps customers buy products online, is active globally in 31 different countries and works with over 850 retailers. Google will use this technology to enhance its e-commerce business. The official confirmation of Googles acquisition of the Israel-based startup Waze occurred in June 2013. Waze is promoted as a community-based traffic and sailplaning app.Following the acquisition of Waze, Google submitted a 10-Q filing with the Securities Exchange Commission that revealed that the corporation spent US$1.3 billion on acquisitions during the first half of 2013. The filing also revealed that the Waze acquisition cost Google US$966 million, instead of the US$1.1 billion figure that was initially presented in media sources.The 2012 acquisition of WIMM Labs, a company that antecedently made an Android-powered smartwa tch, was confirmed in August 2013. As of August 31, 2013, Google has not publicly commented on the news concerning WIMM Labs. The acquisition of Flutter, a creator of pay gesture science technology, was confirmed by the corporation in early October 2013.The reported price is US$40 million and Google spokesperson declared Were really impressed by the Flutter squads ability to design new technology based on vanguard research. Flutters technology allows users to enact hand gestures to control glide for apps such as iTunes, Windows Media Player, and Winamp. Google data centersAs of 2011, Google Inc. owned and operated six data centers across the U.S., plus one in Fin place down and another in Belgium. On September 28, 2011, the company announced plans to build three data centers at a cost of more than $200 million in Asia and purchased the land for them. Google said they will be operational within two years. Products and servicesAdvertisingFor the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues. In 2011, 96% of Googles revenue was derived from its advertising programs. Using technology from the company DoubleClick, Google tolerate determine user interests and target advertisements so they are relevant to their stage setting and the user that is viewing them. Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how mint use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page. Google advertisements place be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program.Googles AdWords allows advertisers to debunk their advertisements in the Google subject matter network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. The baby service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked. One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fr aud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly.Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid. In February 2003, Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana, a non-profit organization pro riseing a major cruise ships sewage treatment practices. Google cited its editorialpolicy at the time, stating Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations.The policy was later changed. In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo, which would have allowed Yahoo to feature Google advertisements on its web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely agnize because of antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008. In an attempt to a dvertise its own products, Google launched a website called confront Slam, developed to demonstrate technology demos of Google Products. Search engineAccording to market research published by comScore in November 2009, Google Search is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of 65.6%. Google indexes billions of web pages, so that users crumb search for the information they desire through the use of keywords and operators. In 2003, The New York Times complained about Googles indexing, claiming that Googles caching of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content. In this case, the United States District approach of Nevada ruled in favor of Google in Field v.Google and Parker v. Google. The publication 2600 The political hack Quarterly has compiled a list of words that the web giants new instant search feature will not search. Google lookout has criticized Googles PageRank algorithms, saying that they discriminate against new webs ites and favor established sites. The site has also alleged that there are connections between Google and the National pledge Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency.Google also hosts Google Books. The company began scanning books and uploading express mail previews, and full books where allowed, into its new book search engine. The Authors Guild, a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors, filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this service.Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books. Google fontually reached a revised solving in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the UK, Australia, and Canada. Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, have a bun in the ovening it to remove the works of La Martinire from its database. In competition with Amazon.com, Google sells digital versions of new books.On July 21, 2010 , in response to Bing, Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. though web searches still appear in a batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing to a higher place the linked results for web searches. The Hummingbird update to the Google search engine was announced in September 2013. The update was introduced over the month prior to the announcement and allows users ask the search engine a question in natural language rather than entering keywords into the search box. Productivity toolsGmail, a free webmail service provided by Google, was launched as an invitation-only important program on April 1, 2004, The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009, at which time it had 146 million users monthly. The service was the first online email service with one gigabyte of storage. It was also the first to keep emails from the same conversation togeth er in one thread, similar to an Internet forum. The service offers over 15 GB of free storage, shared with other Google Apps, with additional storage ranging from 20 GB to 16 TB acquirable for per 1 GB per year.Gmail uses AJAX, a programming technique that allows web pages to be interactive without refreshing the browser. Steve Ballmer, Liz Figueroa, Mark Rasch, and the editors of Google Watch have criticised the privacy of Gmail, but Google claims that mail sent to or from Gmail is never read by a human being beyond the account holder and is only used to improve relevance of advertisements. In 2004, Google started opensource software project hosting, called Google Code, which allows developers to download incomplete programs at no charge.Google Docs, another part of Googles productivity suite, allows users to create, edit, and join on documents in an online environment, similar to Microsoft Word. The service was originally called Writely, but was obtained by Google on march 9, 2 006, and was released as an invitation-only preview. On June 6 after the acquisition, Google created an data-based spreadsheet editing program, which was combined with Google Docs on October 10. Enterprise productsGoogle Search Appliance was launched in February 2002, targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations. Google Apps allows organizations to bring Googles web application offerings, such as Gmail and Google Docs, into their own domains. The service is procurable in several editions a basic free edition, Google Apps for Business, Google Apps for Education, and Google Apps for Government. In the same year Google Apps was launched, Google acquired Postini and proceeded to conflate the companys security technologies into Google Apps under the name Google Postini Services. another(prenominal) productsGoogle render is a server-side machine translation service, which can translate between 35 different languages. The software uses corpus linguistics tec hniques, where the program learns from professionally translated documents, specifically UN and European Parliament proceedings. Google launched its Google News service in 2002, an automated service which summarizes news articles from motley websites. In March 2005, Agence France Presse sued Google for copyright infringement in federal court in the District of Columbia, a case which Google settled for an undisclosed amount in a pact that included a license of the full text of AFP articles for use on Google News.In 2006, Google made a bid to offer free wireless broadband access throughout the city of San Francisco along with Internet service provider EarthLink. Large telecommunications companies such as Comcast and Verizon opposed the efforts, claiming it was unfair competition and that cities would be violating their commitments to offer local monopolies to these companies. In his testimony before Congress on network neutrality in 2006, Googles Chief Internet revivalist Vint Cerf b lamed the tactics on the fact that nearly half of all consumers lack choice in broadband providers.Google currently offers free wi-fi access in its hometown of Mountain View, California. In 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project with plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities. On March 30, 2011, Google announced that Kansas City, Kansas would be the first community where the new network would be deployed. In July 2012, Google completed the construction of a fibre-optic broadband internet network infrastructure in Kansas City, and after expression an infrastructure, Google announced pricing for Google Fiber.The service will offer three choices including a free broadband internet option, a 1Gbit/s internet option for $70 per month, and a version that includes television service for $120 per month. The project, called Android, saturnine out not to be a phone but an operating system for mobile devic es, which Google acquired and then released as an open source project under the Apache 2.0 license. Google provides a software development kit for developers so applications can be created to be run on Android-based phones. In September 2008, T-Mobile released the G1, the first Android-based phone.On January 5, 2010, Google released an Android phone under its own company name called the Nexus One. A report in July 2013 stated that Googles share of the global smartphone market, led by Samsung products, was 64% in March 2013. Other projects Google has worked on include a new collaborative communication service, a web browser, and a mobile operating system. The first of these was first announced on May 27, 2009. The company described Google coil as a product that helps users communicate and collaborate on the web.The service is Googles email redesigned, with realtime editing, the ability to embed audio, video, and other media, and extensions that further enhance the communication expe rience. Google Wave was initially in a developers preview, where interested users had to be invited to test the service, but was released to the general public on May 19, 2010, at Googles I/O keynote. On September 1, 2008, Google pre-announced the upcoming availability of Google Chrome, an open source web browser, which was then released on September 2, 2008.On July 7, 2009, Google announced Google Chrome OS, an open source Linux-based operating system that includes only a web browser and is designed to log users into their Google account. Google Goggles is a mobile application available on Android and iOS used for image recognition and non-text-based search. In addition to scanning QR codes, the app can recognize historic landmarks, import business cards, and solve Sudoku puzzles. While Goggles could originally identify people as well, Google has limited that functionality as a privacy protection.In 2011, Google announced Google Wallet, a mobile application for wireless payments. I n late June 2011, Google soft-launched a social networking service called Google+. On July 14, 2011, Google announced that Google+ had reached 10 million users effective two weeks after it was launched in this limited trial phase. After quadruplet weeks in operation, it reached 25 million users.At a launch event on July 24, 2013 in San Francisco, U.S., a newer version of the Nexus 7 Google inkpad device was released to the public, alongside the Chromecast dongle that allows users to stream YouTube and Netflix videos via smartphones. In 2013 Google launched Google Shopping Express, a pitch service initially available only in San Francisco and Silicon Valley. Moto X Speaking at the D11 conference in Palos Verdes, U.S. in late May 2013, Motorola CEO Dennis Woodside, a former Google employee, announced that a new mobile device will be built by his company, which is wholly owned by Google, at a 500,000 square-feet facility in Texas, U.S. formerly used by the Nokia company.The facility will employ 2,000 people by August 2013 and the new phone, named the Moto X, will be available to the public in October 2013. The Moto X features Google Now software, and an array of sensors and two microprocessors that will crocked that users can interact with in very different ways than you can with other devices, in the words of Woodside. Media reports suggest that the phone will be able to activate functions preemptively based on an awareness of what the user is doing at any given moment. Corporate affairs and cultureOn Fortune magazines list of best companies to work for, Google ranked first in 2007, 2008 and 2012 and fourth in 2009 and 2010. Google was also nominated in 2010 to be the worlds most attractive employer to graduating students in the Universum Communications talent drawing card index. Googles corporate philosophy includes principles such as you can make money without doing evil, you can be serious without a suit, and work should be challenging and the c hallenge should be fun. EmployeesAfter the companys IPO, founders Sergey Brin and Larry Page and CEO Eric Schmidt requested that their base salary be cut to $1. incidental offers by the company to increase their salaries have been turned down, primarily because their main compensation continues to come from owning stock in Google. Before 2004, Schmidt made $250,000 per year, and Page and Brin each received an annual salary of $150,000. In 2007 and early 2008, several top executives left Google.In October 2007, former chief financial officer of YouTube Gideon Yu joined Facebook along with Benjamin Ling, a high-ranking engineer. In March 2008, Sheryl Sandberg, then vice-president of global online sales and operations, began her position as chief operating officer of Facebook. At the same time, Ash ElDifrawi, formerly head of strike out advertising, left to become chief marketing officer of Netshops. On April 4, 2011, Larry Page became CEO and Eric Schmidt became Executive Chairm an of Google. In July 2012, Googles first young-bearing(prenominal) employee, Marissa Mayer, left Google to become Yahoos CEO.As a motive technique, Google uses a policy often called design Time Off, where Google engineers are further to spend 20% of their work time on projects that interest them. Some of Googles newer services, such as Gmail, Google News, Orkut, and AdSense originated from these independent endeavors. In a remonstrate at Stanford University, Marissa Mayer, Googles evil President of Search Products and User look until July 2012, showed that half of all new product launches at the time had originated from the Innovation Time Off.Googleplex Googles headquarters in Mountain View, California, is referred to as the Googleplex, a play on words on the number googolplex and the headquarters itself being a complex of buildings. The lobby is decorated with a piano, lava lamps, old server clusters, and a projection of search queries on the wall. The hallways are ful l of exercise balls and bicycles.Each employee has access to the corporate recreation center. Recreational amenities are scattered throughout the campus and include a workout room with weights and rowing machines, locker rooms, washers and dryers, a massage room, assorted video games, table football, a baby grand piano, a billiard table, and ping pong. In addition to the recreation room, there are snack rooms stocked with various foods and drinks, with special emphasis placed on nutrition. Free food is available to employees 24/7, with paid vending machines prorated favoring nutritional value. In 2006, Google moved into of office space in New York City, at 111 Eighth Avenue in Manhattan.The office was specially designed and built for Google and houses its largest advertising sales team, which has been submissive in securing large partnerships. As of February 2012, a significant technology team is based in New York City, and has been responsible for more than 100 engineering projec ts, including Google Maps, Google Spreadsheets. As of September 2013, Googles East Coast office is fit(p) at 76 Ninth Ave, New York City, New York.In November 2006, Google subject offices on Carnegie Mellons campus in Pittsburgh, focusing on shopping-related advertisement secret writing and smartphone applications and programs. By late 2006, Google also established a new headquarters for its AdWords division in Ann Arbor, naut mi. Other office locations in the U.S. include Ann Arbor, Michigan Atlanta, Georgia Austin, Texas Boulder, Colorado Cambridge, Massachusetts New York City San Francisco, California Seattle, chapiter Reston, Virginia, and working capital, D.C. Furthermore, Google has several international offices.In October 2006, the company announced plans to install thousands of solar panels to provide up to 1.6 megawatts of electricity, enough to satisfy approximately 30% of the campus energy needs. The system will be the largest solar power system constructed on a U.S. corporate campus and one of the largest on any corporate site in the world. The idea of trimming lawns using goats originated from R. J. Widlar, an engineer who worked for National Semiconductor.Google has faced accusations in Harpers Magazine of being an energy carcajou. The company was accused of employing its Dont be evil motto and its public energy-saving campaigns to cover up or make up for the big amounts of energy its servers require. Easter eggs and April Fools solar day jokesGoogle has a tradition of creating April Fools Day jokes. On April 1, 2000, Google MentalPlex allegedly featured the use of mental power to search the web. In 2007, Google announced a free Internet service called TiSP, or Toilet Internet Service Provider, where one obtained a connection by flushing one end of a fiber-optic cable down their toilet.Also in 2007, Googles Gmail page displayed an announcement for Gmail Paper, allowing users to have email messages printed and shipped to them. In 200 8, Google announced Gmail Custom time where users could change the time that the email was sent. In 2010, Google changed its company name to Topeka in honor of Topeka, Kansas, whose mayor changed the citys name to Google for a short amount of time in an attempt to sway Googles decision in its new Google Fiber Project.In 2011, Google announced Gmail Motion, an interactive way of controlling Gmail and the computer with consistence movements via the users webcam. Googles services contain easter eggs, such as the Swedish Chefs Bork bork bork, Pig Latin, Hacker or leetspeak, Elmer Fudd, Pirate, and Klingon as language selections for its search engine.The search engine calculator provides the Answer to the eventual(prenominal) Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything from Douglas Adams The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. When searching the word recursion, the spell-checkers result for the properly spelled word is exactly the same word, creating a algorithmic link. When searc hing for the word anagram, meaning a rearrangement of letters from one word to form other valid words, Googles suggestion feature displays Did you mean nag a ram?In Google Maps, searching for directions between places disordered by large bodies of water, such as Los Angeles and Tokyo, results in instructions to boat across the Pacific Ocean. During FIFA World instill 2010, search queries including World Cup and FIFA caused the Goooogle page indicator at the bottom of every result page to read Gooooal instead. PhilanthropyIn 2004, Google formed the not-for-profit philanthropic Google.org, with a start-up fund of $1 billion. The mission of the organization is to create awareness about climate change, global public health, and global poverty. One of its first projects was to develop a viable plug-in hybrid electric vehicle that can move 100 miles per gallon. Google hired Larry Brilliant as the programs executive director in 2004, and the current director is Megan Smith. In 2008 Goo gle announced its project 10100 which accepted ideas for how to help the community and then allowed Google users to vote on their favorites.After two years of silence, during which many wondered what had happened to the program, Google revealed the winners of the project, giving a total of ten million dollars to various ideas ranging from non-profit organizations that promote education to a website that intends to make all legal documents public and online. In 2011, Google donated 1 million euros to International numerical Olympiad to support the next fiver annual International Mathematical Olympiads . On July 2012, Google launched a Legalize Love campaign in support of amusing rights.Tax avoidance  Google uses various tax avoidance strategies. Out of the five largest American technology companies it pays the lowest taxes to the countries of origin of its revenues. The company accomplishes this partly by licensing technology through subsidiaries in Ireland, Bermuda, the Bahama s, and the Netherlands. This has reportedly sparked a French investigation into Googles transfer pricing practices. Following criticism of the amount of corporate taxes that Google paid in the United Kingdom, Chairman Eric Schmidt said, Its called capitalism.We are proudly capitalistic. During the same December 2012 interview Schmidt confirmed that the company had no inclination of paying more to the UK exchequer. In 2013, Schmidt responded to questions about taxes paid in the UK by pointing to the advertising fees Google charged UK companies as a source of economic growth. Google Vice president Matt Brittin testified to the Public Accounts Committee of the UK house of commons that his UK sales team made no sales and hence owed no sales taxes to the UK. EnvironmentSince 2007, Google has aimed for carbon neutrality in regard to its operations. In June 2013, the Washington Post reported that Google had donated US$50,000 to the Competitive Enterprise Institute, a libertarian conc eive tank. In July 2013, it was reported that Google had hosted a fundraising event for Oklahoma Senator Jim Inhofe, who has called climate change a hoax. See alsoComparison of web search enginesCriticism of GoogleDont Be EvilGoogleGoogle Balloon InternetGoogle CatalogsGoogle ChinaGoogle Chrome ExperimentsGoogle logoGoogle platformGoogle Ventures venture capital fundGoogle XGoogle+Googlebot web crawlerGooglizationList of Google domainsList of mergers and acquisitions by GoogleUngoogleableReferences foreign linksnot add links >at the Internet fileat HooversBibliographyWikipedia