Variation Orders In Highway Project In Sultanate Of Oman - Samples

Question: Examine about Variation Orders In Highway Project In Sultanate Of Oman. Answer: Presentation Oman is a GCC nation that has been a piece of a high development particularly in the development area in addition to a quick development in the populace. There is huge gathering of youngsters coming in consequently more popularity as a rule for lodging in addition to other structure new companies at Muscat the capital city acquiring a travel industry claim, there are other development areas including the mechanical in addition to the vehicle at Sohar, Salalah in addition to Duqm destinations likewise are the advancement of seaports and air terminals, the utilities, recreates the administrative structures, a portion of the tourist spots ventures. As the truism goes where there are focal points, there are disservices too henceforth the development venture at Oman has its difficulties (Ramady, 2014). The varieties that are generally given that is during development happens to be tedious in addition to are additionally expensive henceforth being reasons for disturbance, of deferral, of questions in addition to produces a cost impact and this deteriorates for there is no strategy accessible for controlling this. The getting that is acted in Oman is associated with the development type extends rather than the administrations along with the provisions contracts. Regularly a few changes do happen that is during contract execution ordinarily in regards to the degree changes, a portion of the varieties that are in amounts, the progressions that are in plan, the expansion of time in addition to the unit rate changes. The Omans most utilized standard development contract is The Standard Documents for Building Civil Engineering (Choi, 2004). The article 51 typically entitled Alterations, the options in addition to the exclusions, gives that varieties that is to the first region for the most part of works are regularly admissible as; Engineer must make varieties of the quality or rather the amount of Works or rather any territory endorsed by the Employer consequently request the Contractor to acting by; raising or rather bringing down the measure of any assignment , to having any kind of effect in the characteristic or rather the quality, to precluding any activity, to having any kind of effect in the levels, the lines set themselves along with the measurements lastly to running the additional work. Some more issues will assuredly emerge as an outcome of any varieties to the first extent of works. Such issues will probably show in both single amount and cost-repayment contracts and should be immediately reviewed to bypass any future debates. Some regular issues that will probably emerge remember repayment for provisions for which the contractual worker had recently bought in expectation for singular works; future alterations to regularly scheduled installment terms and break endorsements; time augmentations as they identify with variety asserts; the measure of maintenance cash; and changes in accordance with the first agreement esteem (Sanderson, 2006). What to discover while surveying the distinctions ordinarily in this development ventures is one the reasons for varieties, their effect that is on the task, the recognizing of the valuable gatherings. The errands incorporated the introduction of real contextual investigations and planning of a poll. The reasons for varieties are mentioning for additional activity or rather changes as a result of new discoveries in addition to some different contemplations, the proprietor making a few solicitations for alteration of work, hazily of degree necessities at configuration stage, the inability to settling on choices when required, the non-accessibility that is of the field building site engineers , a helpless correspondence that is in the middle of the significant legislative units in addition to the proprietor, the non-accessibility normally of the past finished task records, the neglecting to giving the correct data to delicate reports, the non-expectation of the structures characteristi c development, plan periods that are typically not practical, the shortage of the designing enlistment that is for the architects in Oman in order to guaranteeing brilliant consultancy administrations is all around kept up, the deficiency of for the most part of the entire venture arranging, the structure plan isn't genuine including the conditions frequently for building are old in addition to as a rule don't coordinate the exercises of improvement effectively present. In order to decide the effects of variety development in Oman they needed to one, defer the fruition date, the expense needed to overwhelms, the temporary workers needed to bring about different costs, the cases in addition to debates then the proprietor, the fashioner/expert, the contractual worker got advantaged that is from the giving of the varieties that is to the agreement (Chartered Institute of building Great Britain, 2014) The proposals is by the setting of exercises in order to limit the adjustments in working in Oman, for example, a standard archive as a rule ought to be grown in order to build up the phases from the beginning of the venture till end, while a lasting standard record ought to be planned to covering all the development guidelines at that point allowing the necessary that is for ventures generally implicit Oman, an amount assessor along with the undertaking administrator should work with huge fabricated activities in addition to a customary learning database framework ought to be built and conveyed among the legislative units, the specialized advisory group foundation to looking into the general arrangement lastly auditing of the enlistment that is the counseling organizations in addition to permitting the structure designer to rehearse without proficient permit. Difficulties There are the monetary issues that are the extra expense and the gradual time. There are the limit or rather the expert difficulties, for example, the inadequacy of information that is on green advances along with material, the restricted accessibility that is the green providers in addition to the data, constraint of quantitative assessment apparatuses, deficiency of the development codes in addition to the progressions in addition to the confinement of expert limit (Konar, 2011). There are the cultural difficulties too that do incorporate the insufficiency of the political motivations, the refusal to change the customary structure forms and the constraint of open mindfulness. The mechanical issues resemble the absence of maintainable innovations usefulness, the misconception of the specialized exercises in addition to the limitation of enough green innovative particulars. Gatherings in ventures in Oman are the undertaking proprietor or producer, the businesses building, the structural and different advisors, the businesses temporary worker, the contractual workers subcontractors in addition to the providers (Konar, 2011). The Delay Causes In Construction Plans As per Keane Caletka, (2015) the structure delays, the progressions conceivable in the underlying design, the unpredictability, the development delay, the varieties in addition to the cases, the difference in scope, the budgetary capacity, the deficiency of assets, the inaccessibility of themanagement group, unspecialized subcontractors, constraint of task the executives, limitation of experience of the specialist, insufficiency of information on that is by the temporary workers Writing Review The development of office complex Objective Remaining inside a sensible financial plan, improvement of the vehicle leaves implied for the staffs in addition to the open clients, the structure of a multi-story assembling in order to oblige 750 laborers, the provision of agreeable in addition to a quick correspondence along with IT benefits that is for the general population, the support of security administration there and the development of the accord in the middle of the necessities in addition to the minor basics (Orstavik, Dainty Abbott, 2015). There are a portion of the models that are wanted like the materials chose that is to an elevated expectation, development of outer view that will be Oman's structure styles, plan fitting attributes broadening and private help streets to be according to Royal Oman Police guidelines in addition to the characterizations. The development of Container Terminal Targets The structure of a holder terminal, working of barrier framework, giving an agreeable in addition to a quick administrations for generally the vessels, raising of the current administrations, the development of compartments so as expanding the terminal load limit, being inside a sensible financial plan, the creation of accord that is in the middle of the as of now there administrations in addition to the administrations that are in the rundown of necessity. The development of street Objective The structure of 6 km of inward street organize to associate the inner focal squares in addition to the interstate expressway, the considerable earthworks, the development of the roundabouts, the watchman rails, the traffic signs, the introducing of the road lighting that is for six km street length in addition to the ticking done on the streets, the structure of Ripraps that is along the way slants, fixing of funnels in addition to the crate ducts in addition to the development of stopping regions along with the substations of the force in order to offering intensity of the street administrations The Fast Ferry Service Project Includes the structure of the quick ship administration hardware as a rule at the north zone of Oman with the exercises there being the development of berthing offices, of extensions that are connected, of the barges, of the securing heaps, of the structure of water in addition to the sewage organizes, the development of custom in addition to the migrant structures, modification of wastewater. The stages included plausibility stage, the idea in addition to configuration stage, the youthful stages in addition to the structure in addition to the upkeep stage (Rickman, 2008). Others Case Studies Khalid 2012, a MSc. Proposition was accomplished for taking controls of the variety arranges generally in water in addition to the wastewater ventures in Jordan with the primary impact being struggle in the middle of the contact shapes, the errors in addition to one side out in the structure, to unanticipated issues, to the undertaking place conditions contrasts, to the deficiency model , to the distinctions that is in details, in the insufficient working drawings, the change that is in plan that is by expert, impacts of the

Methods of Warfare in 1st World War Essay Example for Free

Strategies for Warfare in first World War Essay What strategies for fighting were utilized in World War 1 and how could they change over the length of the War? German Plan: In 1914 when war was announced Germany before long idea of an arrangement that they thought would win them the war known as the Schlieffen Plan which was before long placed without hesitation. The arrangement was on the off chance that they could send every one of their soldiers through Belgium into France and take France inside merely weeks before the Russian armed force was activated they could send every one of their soldiers to confront Russia when Russia’s powers had completely assembled. Thus have a superior possibility of overcoming Russia. Germany evaluated it would take a month and a half to vanquish France and Belgium leaving them an opportunity to move their soldiers toward the Eastern Front before Russia was completely occupied with the war. French Plan: In 1914 when war broke out the French followed their Plan 17 which was to send every one of their soldiers charging over the boondocks and assault profound into Germany compelling the German fighters to give up. Thus the French propelled an assault on German powers in Alsace-Lorraine, the French soldiers were chopped somewhere around German automatic rifle shoot and big guns, inside 12 days 200,000 French soldiers had been killed driving them to forsake the arrangement and retreat to Paris. English arrangement: In request to assist the French Britain made a little power they arranged would enable the French soldiers to stop the Germans thus England sent the British Expeditionary Force (150,000 expert prepared, well prepared soldiers) in 1914 to France so as to hold off the German powers and to ideally help beat back the German soldiers. Lamentably in September 1914 the BEF were pushed back to Marne where they and the French halted the German development and pushed them back to the River Aisne. It was here where the two sides delved themselves in channels prompting an enormous impasse between the two sides. Channel Warfare: During the First World War channel fighting was the most widely recognized kind of fighting utilized, because of the way that tanks had as of late been made and airplane were not extremely evolved. The channels extended from the ocean at Ostend right to the Alps. These channels caused an impasse because of the way that taking an enemy’s channel was very troublesome on the grounds that they were all around safeguarded by many automatic weapons that would slaughter any approaching infantry. Machine were enormous, overwhelming firearms that were devastatingly viable as guarded weapons as they could shoot eight projectiles for each second killing detachments of troopers in minutes in the event that they went over the top. During the war big guns caused the most setbacks as they frequently obliterated adversary positions and executed the warriors inside them. Despite the fact that the foe would simply dive deep into the channels underground where they would be most secure from the bombs. Big guns weapons were erroneous toward the start of the war however before the finish of the war big guns was all the more impressive and considerably more exact. A key weapon used to drive foes out of the channels was poison gas. The gas could be in a projectile that could be throwed into a foe channel or shot in a gunnery shell or even dropped via plane. The gas would in general be chlorine making warriors battle to inhale or mustard gas that blinded or executed its casualties. In conclusion the channels were exceptionally unhygienic, brimming with dead bodies and gunge of mud and blood on the floor. This implied microorganisms and contaminations spread rapidly thus illnesses were regular which ended the lives of numerous fighters on the two sides. Land Warfare: Before the war Land fighting was just infantry and ordnance however British creators in 1914 idea of the possibility of the tank, which they took to officers, yet was dismissed like it would be unfeasible yet Churchill differ and subsidized the undertaking. Tanks were first utilized two years after the fact in the Battle of the Somme; they progressed in front of the infantry pounding the enemies’ resistances and afterward shower the foe with automatic rifle discharge. Seeing this the British spirit was helped as they suspected Tanks could prompt the advancement that will win them the war. Shockingly the tanks were moderate, not truly flexibility and problematic the same number of tanks separated before they arrived at the foe. The primary genuine accomplishment for tanks was at Cambria in 1917 where they effortlessly got through adversary lines yet the infantry behind couldn’t keep up. Before the finish of the war the two powers were utilizing reinforcement puncturing automatic weapons and adjusted field firearms to pulverize tanks significance tanks weren’t as strong as they suspected they were toward the start of the war. Air fighting: In 1914 planes had as of late been designed thus from the start they were straightforward and used to fly over adversary targets or channels and so on, and take pictures, which they would then reclaim to head quarters. At the point when planes were seen taking pictures adversary airplane would attempt to kill them, from the start the pilot would discharge guns and rifles from their planes at their foe as they hadn’t however of an approach to shoot in the middle of the propeller without hitting and slowing down the propeller. It was not until April 1915 they had fixed this issue by fitting an assault rifle that was synchronized so shots missed the propeller and by 1918 fabulous canine battles were occurring noticeable all around with further developed planes with further developed weapons that made light of a huge part in easing back the German development. So in four years the Royal Naval Air Service and Royal Flying Corps had gone from having 37 planes to 23,000 planes yet actually the air war was little contrasted with the war at land and ocean. Ocean Warfare: Lastly before the war Britain had the biggest armada of cutting edge ships on the planet that put down the German armada. All through the war there were not many fights on the ocean. English Ships were utilized more for barricading German ports and gracefully lines trusting this would make Germany come up short on assets and give up. The main significant ocean fight was the Battle of Jutland where the British armada lost 14 ships yet devastated 11 German boats and effectively kept up the barricade. All through the war Germany utilized its U-pontoons to crush vendor dispatches and united war ships, from the outset the U-vessel would caution the boat it was going to be assaulted however this show was surrendered later in 1915. To stop the misfortunes of Allied boats, Britain made: Q-dispatches that seemed as though shipper sends however had substantial weapons ready; Mines to stop U-pontoons using the English procedure; Depth charges that occasionally when dropped hit U-vessels and demolished them; Convoys to ensure trader transports and Long-Range airplane to secure the caravans.

One-World Government essays

One-World Government articles A one-world government comprises of numerous components and might be characterized as an almighty brute that can't be contained. This legislature, in principle, would lead over each individual and control their musings and activities. Basically, there would be the one extreme force holder, otherwise called the Antichrist to numerous individuals who accept this one-world government will happen. There are numerous components and perspectives that make up this hypothetical government, and they all tie into one. Components, for example, strict hypotheses and points of view, mystery social orders, monetary globalization, and even the United Nations and its sketchy aims, all associate with one another to frame the one-world government. Initially, strict speculations come straightforwardly from the Bible and its refrains. Individuals accept that what is written in this heavenly book advises the future and relates legitimately to the happening to the Antichrist, and along these lines to a one-world government. These are of one psyche, and they will give their capacity and position to the brute (Rev. 17:12, 13). This refrain from the Bible alludes to the ten lords who are said to get all force and offer it to the Antichrist. This sort of strict point of view assumes a significant job in individuals' faith in the one-world government. It permits those very individuals to spread their statement about Christ, and they underline that everybody must rush to acknowledge Him so they won't consume in time everlasting with the brute as their ruler. It is workable for the Bible to relate to any circumstance; individuals appear to love to envision the most exceedingly terrible, thus they accept and spread their assertion about t he one-world government. Second, mystery social orders push along the spreading of the thought with colossal power. They center in around specific parts of the one-world government and make presumptions and allegations with respect to why circumstances emerge the manner in which they do. For instance, an elitist bunch called the Illuminati has extraordinary force. It control ... <!

The Hundred Years War Essays (167 words) - 2nd Millennium

The Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War had inaccessible and quick causes. In 1259, France and England marked the Treaty of Paris. This central matter of the settlement was the English lord consented to become vassal of the French crown for the duchy of Aquitaine. The English asserted Aquitaine as an antiquated legacy. The French sorts set out to retain the duchy into the realm of France. Philip appropriated the duchy. This was the quick reason for the war. Edward the II expected the title of the lord of France. He accepted that he could legitimately make this case. Thus, the dynastic contention upset the primitive request in France. To build their capacity, French vassals of Philip VI utilized the reason that they needed to move their reliability to Edward III. As a result of the war being a French common war, it kept going long. Monetary variables including the fleece exchange and the control of Flemish towns additionally filled in as explanations behind the war among France and England. European History

How Check-Cashing Services Impact Low-Income Americans Research Paper

How Check-Cashing Services Impact Low-Income Americans - Research Paper Example â€Å"[W]hen a San Francisco-based bank started to offer business registration benefits in the Los Angeles region, it was scrutinized as ‘ripping off’ the poor† (pp. 142). B. How Could They Begin? These registration benefits regularly began as little, mother and-pop activities that sold collectibles, gems, TVs, and different miscellaneous items things and knickknacks. Quite soon, registration administrations included everything from getting a check got the money for (without needing a bank account)â€to other monetary administrations, including getting cashier’s checks and cash orders. A. Who Started the Service? These administrations were begun by individuals who had a tad to put resources into their business. Typically, these specialist organizations began little, and, as their riches developed, they could either grow their second hand stores or registration servicesâ€which didn’t require a financial records at the bank, which was a curiosity for needy individuals who generally didn’t have monetary administrations accessible to them due to their financially impeded status. II. How Did Check-Cashing Services Become Popular? Registration administrations became famous when individuals understood that they required a financial administrations so as to money their checks for pennies on the dollar. What they didn’t acknowledge was that these cash trades were frequently charging over the top expenses for giving said administrations. III. What Groups Were Targeted A. How Were These Groups Selected? These gatherings were no doubt chosen because of their low financial status. Individuals who are living in destitution infrequently have less income, and less funding to have the option to put towards money related servicesâ€such as, state, having a checking or potentially investment account at the bank. Along these lines, this can drive individuals into much more neediness since they are not setting aside cash. Since they are not setting aside cash, lamentably, this is causing them much distressâ€having to generally live check to check. A large number of these individuals are battling monetarily. With numerous individuals jobless and the national joblessness rate at 9%, a few people don't have employments and are simply living on their profit from low maintenance occupations and joblessness checks, also government assistance checks from the legislature. An enormous level of the American populace is currently living on government assistance. These money trades (or ‘check-cashing’ administrations) simply go after the way that the poor don’t approach great budgetary administrations since banks as a rule don’t money checks for individuals who don’t have accounts with their banks. B. What Do Critics Say About Targeting These Groups? Pundits would for the most part concur that focusing on this low-pay, financially impeded gatherings would be ethically and morally wrongâ€speaking from the viewpoint of a purchaser.

Ethics in the Energy Industry essays

Morals in the Energy Industry expositions The reason for this paper is to look at the moral issues looked by the vitality business previously, during, and after the deregulation of the vitality advertise in California. Section one will clarify the moral issues and how they came to fruition. Section two will take a gander at how a few of the players in this industry have tended to these issues. To a limited extent three, I will study the suitability of how the issues were tended to. In my investigation of these issues, I will concentrate on the accompanying estimations: regardless of whether the businesses starting way to deal with the issue was proper, regardless of whether the business finished properly as the issue created; regardless of whether it industry has found a way to keep away from comparable issues later on. The narrative of the California vitality emergency is the tale of a deregulation bad dream exacerbated by the dishonest activities of a few extremely amazing organizations. This story is laden with hazards, for example, arranging slips, genuine arrangement bumbles, and admonitions that came past the point of no return. The general impacts of the vitality emergency in California have been pulverizing. Johnson (2001) revealed that the trial in deregulation has come at an amazing expense: $40 billion. That number incorporates the $23 billion previously paid by clients when rates were solidified at misleadingly elevated levels, and the $7.5 billion in securities financing customers' own rate decrease. (p. 1A) The focal issue is whether the significant players in the California vitality showcase acted morally previously, during, and after the deregulation of that advertise. Shaw and Barry (2004) characterize business morals as the investigation of what comprises good and bad, or great and awful, human direct in a business setting (Shaw The street ... <!

Alcoholism Is A Type Of Use Disorder - Free Essay Example

Alcoholism is a type of use disorder; a condition where an individual cannot control their intake of alcohol, is engrossed with it, or keeps on utilizing it notwithstanding the issues caused throughout their life (Levinthal, 2014). Alcohol abuse is a sort of substance habit. Similarly, as with numerous different addictions, alcohol is a ceaseless ailment, as characterized by the American Medical Association (Levinthal, 2014), which impacts the reward, memory, and inspiration frameworks of the cerebrum. This, thus, prompts brokenness in physical, mental, enthusiastic, social, and profound appearances for people who are battling with it (Levinthal, 2014). Given there is no momentum in the solution for alcohol abuse, it ought to be treated as a disease. In any case, there is treatment accessible that can enable people to deal with the condition. While alcoholism is not the only alcohol use disorder, it is the most serious form. Indeed, even a mild disorder or that there of symptomatic drinking, can in the long run form into alcohol addiction if there is no mediation (Levinthal, 2014). Alcohol abuse is viewed as an unending mind ailment a perpetual sickness, requiring progressing, regularly unlimited treatment to keep command over symptoms. However, the danger of backsliding is regularly testing. Treatment for alcohol abuse incorporates different means and techniques to give people the devices, aptitudes, and certainty to oversee triggers and longings and in this way mitigating the possibility for backslide. Research has demonstrated that progression techniques, for example, 12-Step programs, give the best possibility of closure, aiding in the prevention of drinking and avoiding straying (Levinthal, 2014). Regarding alcoholism addiction as a disease, takes into consideration and allows for the treatment of the user. The illness idea changed this abuse from an ethical issue into a therapeutic one, which cleared a path for the advancement of treatment for alcoholics. While not regarding alcohol addiction as a malady may have the potential for dire consequences, for the alcoholic and in addition people in general. Research has demonstrated that alcohol addiction examples may incorporate continuous scenes of inebriation, improvement of resistance or withdrawal, social issues identified with drinking, legitimate issues identified with drinking, participating in physically risky conduct while drinking (Levinthal, 2014). While a large number of these practices may have a place in the public eye, a significant number of them imperil society all in all.

Focus on Finance at Chicago Booth

Chicago Booth A quick glance at  University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business: Booth currently ranks in sixth place as one of the best business schools, according to US News World Report (March 2013). It was ranked #2 for finance. Chicago Booth Class of 2013 and Finance 4031 people applied to Chicago Booth in 2012; 23% were accepted and 62% enrolled. The Booth class of 2014 has an average five years of work experience and an average GMAT score of 720. The mean age at the time of entering Booth was 28 years. Booth Academics Related to Finance Booth offers a highly flexible, analytic curriculum that focuses heavily on identifying problems and implementing creative solutions. Experiential learning and classroom dialogue are also important elements of the Booth experience. Students are required to take three foundation courses (including finance courses Financial Accounting, Accounting Financial Analysis, and Financial Statement Analysis), six courses from the Functions, Management, and Business Environment course listing (including Introductory Finance, Investments, Corporation Finance, Portfolio Management, Advanced Investments, Theory of Financial Decisions, Asset Pricing, Financial Instruments, Fixed Income Asset Pricing, Cases in Financial Management, Entrepreneurial Finance, and Private Equity), and eleven elective courses. Finance students would choose their electives from the finance-related concentrations such as Accounting, Analytic Finance, and Finance. Students must also take a leadership course Leadership Effectiveness and Development (LEAD). Chicago Booth also offers a wide selection of â€Å"labs.† These hands-on courses allow students an opportunity take part in real-world business challenges. The most relevant lab for those interested in finance would be the Private/Equity/Venture Capital Lab. Financial Research Centers at Chicago Booth †¢      Accounting Research Center (ARC) †¢      Center for Research in Security Prices †¢      Fama-Miller Center for Research in Finance †¢      The Initiative on Global Markets Chicago Booth Extracurricular Clubs and Competitions for Finance Students †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Investment Banking Group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Investment Management Group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Corporate Finance Group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Credit Restructuring Distressed Investing and Turnaround Group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Hedge Fund Group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Million Dollar Portfolio Challenge †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     National IPO Challenge †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Private Equity Group †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Venture Capital Investment Competition (VCIC) †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Sterling Partners Investment Thesis Challenge †¢Ã‚  Ã‚     Warren Buffet Group Finance Employment Stats at Chicago Booth In 2012, 34.8% of Chicago graduates accepted full-time jobs in the finance industry. Industry % of Hires / # of Hires Investment Banking/Brokerage 20.2%/94 Diversified Financial Services 7.3%/34 Investment Management/Research 7.3%/34 For internships for the class of 2013, 35.8% of students landed internships in financial services. Industry % of Hires / # of Hires Investment Banking/Brokerage 15.6%/88 Investment Management/Research 9.2%/52 Private Equity 5.5%/31 Top hirers include: Name of Company Number of Full-Time Students Hired, 2012 Number of Interns Hired, 2012 Bank of America/Merrill Lynch    . 14 6 Credit Suisse 14 16 Morgan Stanley 12 11 Goldman Sachs 9 8 Citigroup, Inc. 7 8 Deutsche Bank 7 9 JPMorgan Chase Co. 7 10 UBS 6 7 Barclays 5 7 PIMCO 5 9 Wells Fargo Securities 5 4 MT Bank Corporation 4 1 Are you applying to Chicago’s Booth School of Business? Please see our Chicago Booth B-School Zone and Chicago Booth Application Packages for more information on how Accepted.com can help you get accepted. //

A Case And Electronic Crime Scene - 1324 Words

According to Schmalleger (2011), identity theft is defined as misusing another person’s personal information for personal gain (p. 382). This can involve a person opening credit cards or accounts in another person’s name (Schmalleger, 2011, p. 382). Considering the nature of identity theft crimes, investigators must rely on electronic crime scenes (Lushbaugh Weston, 2012, p. 248). Therefore, investigators must know how to initiate, conduct and execute an identity theft investigation. This essay will provide a mock case and electronic crime scene, including the steps a cybercrime investigator would take to obtain necessary background information of the victim and offender, as well as the types of evidence acquired from the investigation.†¦show more content†¦The address provided was 7682 N. Fraud Street, which was the address of a coworker from an employment agency she had used for previous employment. The co-worker was responsible for Steel’s interviewi ng and hiring process and ran Steel’s credit and background report prior to hiring her. Steel explained that her personal identity information was used without her consent to activate the account under her name. She explained that she wanted to file criminal charges against anyone found responsible for the possession and/or use of her personal information. As a responding officer to an identity theft crime, the officer would base the investigative strategy on trying to determine when the victim’s identity was compromised, which may prove that the probable suspect was the victim’s previous coworker. To start the investigation, the officer would need the victim’s personal and financial information as well as statement regarding the identity theft. Some of the information that is needed from the victim to initiate the investigation is her date of birth, social security number, driver’s license number, telephone number and other personal contact information. In addition, if the victim has an idea of the offender’s identify, the officer should obtain as much personal information for the offender. The officer would need as much information as possible from the victim that would assist with the investigation. If possible, the officer would have the

What Is a Russian Banya

A Russian banya is a type of a steam sauna that is usually heated in a stove. An old tradition that has existed in Russia for centuries, steam bathing is considered to be good for relaxation and health, as well as a way to spend time with friends, family, or even colleagues. It is still very popular in Russia. Key Takeaways: Russian Banya Russian banyas are a type of steam bath.Banyas have been long associated with good health, relaxation, and a way to socialize that bypasses the usual boundaries, creating an atmosphere of openness and friendship.As a symbol of hospitality, guests were always offered a banya experience.Black banyas were banyas where large stones were heated in open flames.White banyas had stone stoves with chimneys.Veniks are besoms made of dried tree or herb branches.Modern banyas often include a steam room, a washing room, and an entrance room. Origins of the Russian Banya The first mentions of a banya appear in The Primary Chronicle, also known as The Tale of Bygone Years (ПÐ ¾Ã ²Ã µÃ' Ã'‚Ã'Å' Ð’Ã'€Ð µÃ ¼Ã µÃ ½Ã ½Ã'‹Ã'… ЛÐ µÃ'‚ - POvyest VRYEmennykh LYET), which is dated from around 1113 and covers the history of the early Slavs from the biblical times until the time of its writing. Early Slavs used their house stoves as the first banyas. The stoves were at least 1.5 meters deep and about 0.5 meters wide (5 ft. by 1.6 ft), often large enough to accommodate several family members. After cooking, the Slavs cleaned out the inside of the stoves and lined them with hay and straw before getting in and enjoying the remaining warmth. A bucket of water was placed inside and the bathers sprinkled the water onto the ceiling of the stove, creating the steam. In a Russian Banya, 1916. Artist: Tikhov, Vitali Gavrilovich. Heritage Images  /  Getty Images Eventually, purpose-built banyas appeared. At first, these had no chimney and the warmth was achieved by heating large stones in an open flame. Once the desired heat was reached, windows and doors were opened to let the smoke out before the banya was ready to be used. This type of bathing was called Ð ¿Ã ¾-Ã'‡Ð µÃ'€Ð ½Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' (paCHYORnamoo), black banya, due to the amount of smoke and soot that remained on the walls and ceiling. Later on, stone stoves with exhaust pipes began to be used, which prevented the smoke from gathering inside. This style of bathing was referred to as Ð ¿Ã ¾-Ð ±Ã µÃ »Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã'Æ' (paBYElamoo), white banya. During the cold months, people came out of the heat straight into the snow and rubbed it on their skin to cool themselves down before going back in. Banyas were often built on a riverbank so that bathers could jump into the water to cool down. Although Russian banyas are thought to be tough to bear, in reality, the temperature is lower than in a Finnish sauna and is maintained at around 60 ° to 90 ° Celsius (140 ° - 195 °F), with the humidity kept at 50-90%, which makes it more similar to a Western steam room. It is the additional element of being lashed with a venik—a bunch of tree branches—that creates the impression of the Russian banyas as being particularly strenuous. A man in a banya beats himself with veniks, (birch branches). These are used to help fan the heat down from the ceiling and also to increase the circulation. Dean Conger  /  Getty Images How to Use a Banya A banya usually has a hot or steam room (Ð ¿Ã °Ã'€Ð ½Ã °Ã'  - parNAya, or Ð ¿Ã °Ã'€Ð ¸Ã »Ã ºÃ ° - paREELka), a washing room, and an entrance room (Ð ¿Ã'€Ð µÃ ´Ã ±Ã °Ã ½Ã ½Ã ¸Ã º - pryedBANnik). Visitors take a hot shower and dry their skin completely before entering the steam room. Felt hats are used to prevent the head and hair from overheating. After 5-10 minutes and once the body is hot, you can cool off in the washroom using cold water, then go back into the heat. Visitors usually repeat this several times until they feel fully relaxed. On the second or third visit to the steam room, visitors can use a venik to lash themselves on their arms, legs, back, and chest, or ask someone else to do it for them. Snacks and hot herbal tea is often served in the entrance room where you can relax with your friends between visits to the hot room. The interior of the Russian banya with bath accessories. vubaz / Getty Images How to Use a Venik A venik is a besom made of tree or herb branches. The most common ones are made out of birch, juniper, oak, eucalyptus, nettle, and pine. If the venik is made of dried branches, then it is placed in hot water at the beginning of the banya session for 10-15 minutes. When it is ready, the venik is used to lightly lash the body, massaging it and releasing essential oils from the plants. The water left from soaking the venik is then used to rinse the hair and skin. Russian Banya Etiquette Modern Russian banyas are divided into men and women areas. Swimwear is not used and everyone gets completely naked, wrapping themselves with towels instead. It is customary to exchange light lashings with friends or other guests using the veniks unless there is a professional banya worker—Ð ±Ã °Ã ½Ã'‰Ð ¸Ã º (BANshik)—who takes that responsibility. Cultural Significance Banyas were so essential to the Slavic way of life that most people had their own family banyas, which they built next to their houses. Whole families and even villages bathed together, men, women, and children in the same area. Any guests or visitors were offered a banya as a symbol of hospitality. Saturdays were bathing days and most families heated their banyas at least once a week, on Saturdays, and often several times a week. In Slavic mythology, banyas were inhabited by a spirit called the bannik, thought to be moody and sometimes evil. Specific rituals, including gifts and offerings, were often employed to soften the banniks heart. Banyas were considered to be a magical place where fire, earth, water, and air elements came together, creating a cleansing and spiritual experience. In contemporary Russia, many people still go to the banya once a week. The ritual is also popular with celebrities, businessmen, and politicians who often socialize in the banyas. Many public banyas, such as the famous Sandouny, provide private rooms and lavish feasts to their guests, making a banya visit a special experience. In Russia, banyas have been long associated with good health, relaxation, and a way to socialize that bypasses the usual boundaries, creating an atmosphere of openness and friendship.

Research On Cancer Therapy And Prevention Essay - 1783 Words

Introduction: With upwards of 100 000 new cancer cases diagnosed yearly in Australia, research into cancer therapy and prevention has continued to increase, with approximately $252 million in funding going into this field over the past two years in Australia alone (Cancer Australia, 2016). Current cancer therapies can involve invasive surgeries or the destruction of healthy cells (Cancer Health Centre, 2011), which is why new technologies are currently in development to provide patients with an effective treatment option with limited side effects. According to Scott, Alison Wolchok (2012), â€Å"monoclonal antibody-based treatment of cancer has been established as one of the most successful therapeutic strategies for both hematologic malignancies and solid tumours in the last 20 years†. While monoclonal antibodies are a commonly used biopharmaceutical product, bispecific antibodies are being increasingly utilised due to their ability to bind to two different entities. The use of monoclona l bispecific antibodies for targeting and delivering nanomedicines to cancer cells has been explored by Taylor et. al (2015), and their research has been outlined in ‘Nanocell targeting using engineered bispecific antibodies’. Through the use of commonplace methodology and systematic analysis, Taylor et. al provides much needed progress in the field of cancer therapy biopharmaceuticals, only let down by minor omissions in practical elements regarding further applications of the conclusionsShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Biology of Breast Cancer1069 Words   |  5 PagesBreast Cancer occurs in about one in eight women which is currently the most common cancer among women. The number of cases is expected to decrease due to the advancements in technology and dedicated researchers. Scientists have put an estimated 4.8 billion dollars towards the research every year to help find a cure or a new treatment for breast cancer (STAT Facts Breast Cancer). Researchers have found causes, put in research and theories that help with understanding treatments, prevention and alsoRead MoreA Study On Breast Cancer843 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women (Up to Date, 2014). The associated risk can be as high as 12% for every woman in the United States, regardless of family history (American Cancer Society, 2013). For this reason, care begins with patient education, risk stratification, and preventative medicine. The paper will review preventative options, risk stratification based on genetics and age, and breast cancer treatmentRead Morelung cancer927 Words   |  4 PagesLung Cancer By Brayan Almora and Hector Aparicio Pedroza Ms. Powell, 7th Language Arts Problem – Solution Paper May 15, 2014 Lung Cancer Causes and Treatments Lung cancer is defined as abnormal cell tissue that forms in tissues of the lungs. It is estimated that there are 224,210 new cases every year, while the estimated deaths are numbered at 159,260 per year . There are several options of treatment and are as follows: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, ImmunotherapyRead MoreOverview of Breast Cancer Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesIf you or a loved one were diagnosed with breast cancer, how would you feel? You would probably feel very afraid and worried. Breast cancer is a common and potentially deadly form of cancer that affects both men and women. There are risk factors for getting the disease and there are different types of treatment for people who have been diagnosed with the disease. There are also steps that people can take to try to prevent getting breast cancer or at least catch it early. Luckily there are manyRead MoreApplication Of Nanotechnology : Diagnosis And Treatment Of Tumors Essay1080 Words   |  5 Pages nanotechnology for cancer therapy has received considerable attention in recent years. Cancer nanotechnology (an interdisciplinary area of research in science, engineering and medicine) is an upcoming field with extensive applications. It provides a unique approach and comprehensive technology against cancer through early diagnosis, prediction, prevention, personalized therapy and medicine. Target-specific drug therapy and methods for early diagnosis of pathologies are the priority research areas in whichRead MoreCONCLUSION Cancer has become the one of the most feared things for human beings. The various type700 Words   |  3 PagesCONCLUSION Cancer has become the one of the most feared things for human beings. The various type of cancer have been discovered and there are still a lot of it that undiscoverable. Cancer is a complex disease that have a group of disease. The cancer itself cannot be describe by words. The causes of this cancer is still not being able to be discovered fully. There are only minor factor that can lead to this disease. The carcinogens are believed to be one of the causes that lead to cancer such as asbestosRead MoreGenetic Research Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesLeads for Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Genetic research is the way to improved cancer diagnostics and therapy. The understanding of genetic abnormalities or mutations in normal and cancer cell is one of the greatest advances in cancer research. Because genetic mutations can cause cells to produce abnormal amounts of certain proteins, that can disrupt normal cell behavior in a number of ways and ultimately lead to the development of cancer. Large genomic study offer molecular origins of cancer, and aRead MorePhysical Correlation Between Physical Activities And Prevention1081 Words   |  5 PagesAram Bebekyan Physiology 01 Mon/Weds. Physical Activity In Relation to Cancer The fever, aches, pains, weakness and the feeling of death nearby comes by as one never expects it, and this is called cancer. It has become an epidemic as statistics show an increase of deaths from this horrible disease throughout the years. There are many organizations that support the development of new treatments and strategies to decrease these numbers. Although, this battle has been going on for a long time, thereRead MorePreventative Measures And Lifestyle Modifications That Can Reduce The Chances Of Developing Liver Cancer891 Words   |  4 Pagesof developing liver cancer. The avoidance of viral hepatitis is imperative, being vaccinated against hepatitis B during childhood offers increased defense against the disease causing virus. Avoiding intravenous drug use, and other factors directly related to the contraction of hepatitis B and C is also key. Excessive alcohol consumption is known to contribute to liver damage, more specifically cirrhosis. Thus avoiding alcoholism is an important lifestyle factor in the prevention of hepatocellular carcinomaRead MoreThe Risk and Benefits of Estrogen Hormone Therapy for Postmenopausal Women1046 Words   |  5 Pagesestrogen hormone therapy (ET) for postmenopausal women. For advanced practice nurses (APRN), clarification is necessary in order to inform their clients experiencing menopause of the risks and benefits of hormone therapy use. In the United States, breast cancer is the second leading cause of female death behind cardiovascular disease and its etiology is recently becoming more fully defined (Eccles, 2013). Breast cancer is exacerbated by the number of years clients use hormone therapy as well as each

Euthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia - 1634 Words

1) James Rachel, a philosophy professor at the university of Alabama, wrote a paper called Active and Passive Euthanasia where he argues against the distinction between killing in letting die. He says that the distinction is made on morally irrelevant grounds. He says that the distinction between passive and active euthanasia should not be based on whether or not wanted more morally permissible then the other. To prove his point Rachel uses three dif-ferent examples, which included different circumstance where euthanasia is involved. He looks at each example and argues why active euthanasia would be the same or even better then passive euthanasia in the situation. 2) A. The first example Rachel uses involves a terminally ill patient who has been diagnosed with throat cancer. The patient is in terrible pain, and can no longer treat their pain which medicine. The doctor realizes that the patient’s death is inevitable within a matter of days, even with continued treatment. Due to the extreme and severe pain the patient no longer wants to live. The patient along with the support of their family, asks the doctor to end it all. The doctrine says that the doctor may withhold treatment but may not give a lethal injection. The doctor is justified in his decision to withhold treatment because it would be cruel to prolong the patients suffering when their death is eminent. This is an example of passive euthanasia, because the doctor is not killing his patient he is simplyShow MoreRelatedEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia995 Words   |  4 Pagesabout euthanasia in such depth until this assignment. It isn’t something completely new to me because I have heard about it, it happens everywhere, even if you or I don’t see it. But, I never gathered my thoughts about such a serious topic. Reading such opinions from these authors made me find out more about this topic but I cannot say I have came to a clear and set decision or opinion about euthanasia. As James Rachels states, â€Å"I can understand why some people are opposed to all euthanasia, and insistRead MoreEuthanasi Passive Euthanasia And Active Euthanasia Essay1927 Words   |  8 Pageschoosing euthanasia. The family or caregiver may pressure the patient into choosing euthanasia just so they could be relieved of the burden of caring for said patient. This may happen because the family or caregiver has had a lot of pressure put onto them. Financial burden being a leading factor. Although there is no data that completely verifies this possible problem, opponents argue that it can be a possible issue and that it should be addressed. (Ezekiel 637). There are two types of euthanasia. PassiveRead MoreEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1562 Words   |  7 PagesEuthanasia, also known as voluntary or assisted suicide, is used for terminally ill patients to end their lives instead of undergoing painful treatments and torment of waiting for death. There are, however, two different ways in which A can bring about B’s death. In this essay I will present the distinction between active and passive euthanasia as explained by James Rachels in his article called â€Å"Active and Passive Euthanasia†. I will also debate whether euthanasia is justified or not by presentingRead MoreEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1973 Words   |  8 Pages The issue of whether active and passive euthanasia are distinct continues to be important to philosophers, ethicists and health care professionals. Euthanasia is the act of ending a patient’s life when the circumstance for that patient is unbearable or untreatable by medical treatment (Ozcelick, Tekir, Samancioglu, Fadiloglu Ozkara, 2014, p. 94). Namely, there is active and passive euthanasia. Both are indicative of the acts that root in the intention to end a patient’s life. For the purpose ofRead MoreEuthanasi Active And Passive Euthanasia1229 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to David Theo Goldberg, â€Å"Euthanasia involves terminating the life of an ailing person in order to prevent him or her further suffering† (459). The ending of one’s life should only be a last resort after having unbearable and untreatable illnesses. Euthanasia is classified into two categories which are active and passive. Goldberg also refers to active euthanasia as the ending of one’s life by administering a lethal treatment, while passive euthanasia is withdrawing treatment that may preserveRead MoreEuthanasi Voluntary Active Euthanasia, Passive Euthanasia And Physician Assisted Suicide1143 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Heritage Dictionary euth anasia is defined as the art or practice of ending the life of a person or animal having a terminal illness or a medical condition that causes suffering. Euthanasia should be a individual choice to end a patient s life. This keeps them from going through excruciating pain due to an incurable disease. Some people think euthanasia should be out of the picture while others inquiry the effectiveness of these actions. With effectiveness, euthanasia is classified in three

Customer Service Theory Extended Marketing

Question: Discuss the relevant literature on customer service theory (i.e. the concepts, models and theories from the final 2 lectures in this module? Evaluate your organisations extended marketing mix to support the above discussion. ? Answer: Introduction The turn of the millennium has seen extreme changes in the global economy. Services have performed a critical role in these changes, because services are becoming the way companies meet their markets. These days companies have understood that in order to survive in this competitive world depending on the product they offer will not take them far, but also an addition offering which they bring to their customers will differentiate them from their competitors. These days the organizations which offer innovative, new and unique customer services are succeeding in the market where as some of the established organization which fails to provide the customer services have seen a shutdown. (Carmen Langeard, 2012) Service Marketing is not a self-enclosed task however service marketing is integral to service organizations as a whole. The strategies, framework concept of service marketing were developed as a result of interlinked the forces of many organizations, industries individuals that have perceived the increasing importance of services in the present world economy. (Murray Schlacter, 2010) Originally service marketing development focused on service industries. However, technology manufacturing companies realised that in order to compete successfully in the market place, services are the prerequisite to complement their product. Providing services by most of the industries has now become a necessity instead of option. (Zeithaml Bitner, 2009) Defining Services Both non-profit organizations and profit oriented organizations have a wide range of activities which are labeled as services. Weather an organization is successful or not it completely depends on creating value to the customer delivering excellent service quality to customers. So services cannot be defined easily. There are various ways of defining services each marketing literature provides a different definition of services. (Donnelly, 2010) The sum-up of all the definitions of services conclude that services deals with the components which are intangible in nature. There may not be an ownership or physical transfer with the purchase of services. However, still it creates number of advantages after or during the service experience or interaction. (Zeithaml, Parasuraman Berry, 2013) Characteristics of Services Service is an economic activity which creates values and provides advantages for customers at specific places times resulting in bringing about a desired change in or on behalf of service recipient. The various characteristics of services include: Intangibility: Services are intangible in nature that means it cannot be touched as they are not physical objects. The buyer of the services does not get an opportunity to taste, touch or smell them unlike purchase of goods. While promoting or selling of a service the organizations have to concentrate on the benefits satisfaction that a customer derives having spent on the services. (Kotler, 2013) Perishability: Services are highly perishable in nature like labour. In services the time element assumes a significant position. Services cannot be stored, so if we are not using a service today it is off waste. If labour stops performing their tasks, it is of no use and a waste. An unemployed person, unoccupied premises, unutilized credit etc. are all economic waste. This it can be said that services have high perishability level. (Bitner, Booms Tetreault, 2010) Inseparability: Services are mostly supplied or created simultaneously. They cannot be separated from each other, for example doctors, beauticians, entertainment companies, etc. all create offer services at a same given time. The providers of the services services offered are so closely associated with each other that are not separable. Services are first sold, then produced consumed, whereas goods are first produced, then sold and at last consumed. Hence, the most important characteristic of services is inseparability which is a challenging factor for service management industry. (Ballantyne, Christopher Payne, 2012) Heterogeneity: The quality of services cannot be standardized, as the nature of services makes it unfavourable to set a standard for any service. The price paid for services could be either too low or too high as is seen in the case of sports or entertainment organizations. Even if customers pay the same price it is not possible to sell the same type of services. The reason behind this is the individuals difference in perception at the level of users providers. For a service firm it is very difficult to establish standards for the output of service because of its heterogeneous nature. (Alford Sherrell, 2013) Ownership: After the completion of selling process of goods, they are transferred to buyers name he/she becomes the owner of those goods. However, it is not possible to do this in case of services. The services cannot be owned by the users, they can only access the services. For example, a person can make use of swimming pool, hotel room or doctors services but he cannot own those services, the ownership remains with the providers. Thus, ownership does not get affected while selling the services. (Levitt, 2011) Simultaneity: Services cannot move through distribution channels and cannot be delivered to potential user or customer. So in case of services, either the provider goes to the user or users are brought to the services. Services have a limited geographical area; the producers of the services have normally a small operational area. When buyer comes to the producer directly it costs lots of money and time to the buyer. On the other hand when producer approaches the buyer, time is take away from service provider the cost of services rendered increases. Therefore, time travel economics provide incentives to locate more service centre near to the customers, which leads to emergence of smaller service centres. (Booms Bitner, 2011) Quality measurement: It is very difficult to quantify or rate services; we cannot measure services in terms of service level. Service industry this requires another tool for measurement. For example, the food served in a restaurant cannot be quantified, however, the way the food is served by the waiter or the staffs behaviour cannot be ignored at the time of rating the total process. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the level of satisfaction at which customers get satisfied. Thus a service organization needs to sell customer convenience, atmosphere, consistent service quality, etc. (Murray Schlacter, 2010) The traditional 4 Ps of marketing mix are unable to effectively measure the service quality, because services are intangible and cannot be quantified and the marketing in todays world is more oriented towards customers. Therefore in order to measure the quality and delivery of service, it is necessary to add 3 more Ps which are known as extended marketing mix. These 3 Ps include Process, People Physical Evidence. (Rathmell, 1966) People: All the human actors which play a role in the delivery of service and thus influence the perceptions of a buyer: namely, the personnel of organization, the customer other customers in the service environment. Every human actor that participates in the service delivery provides cues to the customer relating to service nature itself. How these people have their personal appearance, how they are being dressed and how their behaviour attitude is, everything influences the perception of the customer regarding the services. The contact person or the service provider plays an important role. Some of the services like counselling, consulting, teaching other services based on professional relationship, the provider is the service. According to the researches the service providers act as a focal point of service encounter which are crucial for the organization. In many of the service situations, customers themselves can also influence delivery of the service, resulting in affecting quality of service their own satisfaction. For example, the patients in a health care greatly affect the service quality they receive when they either dont comply or comply with health regimens provided by the doctor or heath consultant. (Berry Parasuraman, 2011) Physical Evidence: The environment in which the delivery of the service takes place and where the organization customer interact, any component that is tangible which facilitates communication or performance of the service. The physical evidence of a service consists of all the representations of the services that are tangible like equipment, signage, brochures, etc. In some of the scenarios it can consist of physical facility where the service is offered which in other terms is known as service space. Physical evidence cues provides excellent opportunity for an organization to send strong consistent messages regarding the purpose of the organization, the intended segments of the market service nature. (Rathmell, 2012) Process: The actual mechanisms, procedures activity flow by which the delivery service takes place is known as process. The actual delivery steps which a customer experiences or the operational service flow, also provide customers with evidence on which they can judge the service. Some services are very complex that needs the customer to flow an extensive complicated series of action to complete the process. Another differentiating characteristic of process is that it can provide customer with the evidence that whatever the service follows a production line/standardized approach or whatever the process is a customized or empowered one. All the evidence that a service provides are aligned with its market position vision. (Kotler, 2009) The three additional Ps in the marketing mix act as separate element because all or any of them may affect the satisfaction level of customer and decisions related to repurchase. SERVQUAL Model This model was developed by A. Parasuraman in USA. This model is based on the expectations disconfirmation approach which is called as disconfirmation paradigm. The model of service quality that is developed helps in identifying the reasons for any gaps between the expectations of the customer their perceptions. There 5 gaps which are discussed below: Gap 1- This is the gap between what the expectations of customer is what the management of the company thinks customer expects. Gap 2- This is the gap which occurs when management fails to design service standards which help in meeting the expectations of the customer. Gap 3- This gap occurs when the delivery system of an organization (i.e. technology, people processes) fail to deliver the specified standards. Gap 4- This occurs when the communication of the organization with the customers promises a level of service performance which processes, technology people fail to deliver. Gap 5- This gap is the product of all the above four gaps that separates customer from the organization. (George, 2010) In order to find the extent level of Gap 5, marketers developed 21 0r 22 item SERVQUAL scale. This model identifies 5 core competences of service quality, i.e. reliability, assurance, tangibles, empathy responsiveness. Tangibles include appearance of physical facilities, communication, personnel equipment. Reliability is the ability of an organization to perform the services promised dependably captured accurately. Responsiveness is the willingness to assist customers to give them prompt services, whilst capturing the notion of flexibility the ability of an organization to customize its services according to the needs of the customers. Assurance is the courtesy competency of employees their ability to convey confidence trust. Empathy represents provision of caring and providing customers with individualized attention. (Regan, 2013) Extended Marketing Mix for Elle UK Fashion Magazine The extended marketing mix for Elle UK consists of 7 Ps i.e. Product, Price, Place, Promotion, Physical Evidence, People and Process that have been discussed below: Product Elle UK is the worlds largest selling fashion magazine. It is the international authority on style having 44 print editions worldwide 37 websites. The company recognizes the importance of fashion amongst todays generation, so Elle UK is the sexy, stylish spirited magazine, it was the first magazine which inspired readers to celebrate their individuality create their own style. Elle UK is mainly for the women who love fashion. This depicts that Elle UK has in-depth knowledge about the expectations of the customers or readers it responds fast to the changing customer environment. Elle UK has grown rapidly in past decade which has made it the biggest magazine seller. (Levitt, 2011) Price Elle UK magazine follows a competitive pricing strategy, the reason behind adopting this pricing strategy is that it operates in a competitive market, where it has many competitors like Glamour Magazine, Look Magazine, Vogue Magazine Grazia Magazine which print same type of fashion content in their magazine and also the customers are price sensitive. But according to the market researches it has been depicted that customers are will to pay more for Elle magazines which have lead it to reach the top selling magazine in UK. Elle also adopts a value based pricing strategy for its premium edition which helps it to maximize its profits. (Grandpierre, 2013) Place Elle has wide network of distribution and has followed intensive distribution strategy. Elle UK utilizes all available outlets and has taken a shelf space in most of the stationary shops, big coffee houses, famous book stores, e-book stores, online stores, airports, in flight and also at professional places like doctors clinics, designer stores, etc. the major selling of Elle UK is through online stores. Elle UK has developed a very extensive network of company owned publishing houses who directly sell to MNCs giants. By adopting the above strategies Elle UK is able to saturate the market with its fashion magazine. (Magazines Direct, 2015) Promotions Elle UK is a well know and a top selling magazine in UK which is knows for it sexy, stylish spirited magazines. It uses various channels of advertising in order to bring awareness among the target customers. The various channels used for advertising include print media (i.e. newspapers), social media websites (like facebook, pin interest, twitter, etc.), Hoardings (roadside and at airports) Television advertising (advertisement at fashion channels). Also Elle UK runs many promotions for its existing and new customers. (Hearst, 2015) It provides yearly membership for its fashion magazine to new and existing customers at subsidized rates, also in order to promote the magazine Elle puts canopies in the big malls of UK and sell the magazine at subsidized prices in order to attract more new customers. (Hearst Magazines, 2015) Physical Evidence The brand image of Elle UK magazine is committed to sustainable business practices which is evident from the fact that the magazines which are printed and published are prepared from 100% recycled papers. Every Elles magazine contains the useful information related to the latest fashion and trends available in the market that attracts the readers about the magazine and tends them to have its subscription. (Graham, 2009) Elle Magazines have a brand logo which differentiates it from other competing magazines available in the market. Elle magazine also has its presence online where readers can visit there online website and gain more information about the magazine. (ICTMN, 2014) People Elle has a highly motivated and energetic staff of people who work in close cooperation with each other in order to develop and market new magazine editions. Elle has a minimized hierarchical management; employees at junior level are free to reach the top management and discuss issue and concern with them. The organization has a free flow of communication and avoids hierarchy, there is a 360 degree feedback system and also Elle adopts an open door policy for its employees. (Lucas, 2009) Elle has a set of employees that work closely with each other in order to publish and print innovative ideas in their magazines. The work culture at Ellie is very cool and calm that energizes the office atmosphere and brings lots of positive vibrations that bring lots to innovative ideas. Elles top management involves its employees at lower level in decision making. The human resource and marketing team is responsible for internal marketing of Elles to make sure that employees stay happy and are motiv ated. Monthly and quarterly meetings and one-o-ones are conducted by the managers and top management to ensure that all the employees issues and problems are discussed and resolved, and employees are committed aligned to achieving the organizational objectives goals. (Johnston, 2013) Process The service delivery process should also reinforce values. Elle UK prints and publishes magazines of the same paper quality. Elle also focuses on saving the paper so it has many e-magazines which are available online so that readers can buy them and read them as a soft copy, which saves lot of cost to the company as well as it is environment friendly. Elle UK encourages its members to buy online subscriptions and yearly subscription which saves a reasonable amount of money for the customers. Elle provides quality and latest fashion information in its magazines which is collected by its market researchers. The market researchers recruited by Elle are MBA Fashion Designing graduates who have proper knowledge of the latest trends and fashion available in the market. They gather information from various sources, like online fashion stores, visiting fashion outlets in malls, visiting television fashion channels, etc. (Ponsford, 2014) Once the useful information is gathered then it goes fo r the screening, all the relevant and trendy fashion information is shortlisted and goes for the approval of Brand manager and DGM, once the approvals and required copyrights and patents are received then the information goes to the legal department to check if the information that will be printed is following all code of conducts and is legal and follows all the regulatory laws. After the approval from the legal department finally the selected articles goes to the printing house for printing and then to the publishing house once the magazines are printed. (Elizabeth, 2009) References: Elizabeth, N. (2009). The Magazine Publishing, London: Rutledge Graham, M. (2009). Media convergence, UK: Palgrave Macmillan Grandpierre, K. (2013) How ELLE magazine conquered the world Available at: https://www.inaglobal.fr/en/press/article/how-elle-magazine-conquered-world [Accessed 10th February 2015] Hearst Magzines, 2015. [Online] Available at: https://www.hearstmagazines.co.uk/ellemagazine [Accessed on 18th February 2015] Hearst, 2015. ELLE. [Online] Available at: https://www.hearst.co.uk/brands/elle [Accessed on 18th February 2015] ELLE UK, 2015. About Us. [Online] Available at: https://www.elleuk.com/more/contact-information-work-experience-internships-british-elle [Accessed on 18th February 2015] ICTMN Staff (2014) Not Happy! Natives Pan Pharrell's Headdress Look on Elle UK Cover Available at: https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2014/06/03/not-happy-natives-pan-pharrells-headdress-look-elle-uk-cover-155142 IPSO (2015) Available at: https://www.ipso.co.uk/IPSO/index.html [Accessed 15th February 2015] Johnston, L. (2013) Rebranding Feminism: The ELLE Debate. Available at: https://www.elleuk.com/fashion/what-to-wear/elle-rebranding-feminism-debate-mother-london-lorraine-candy-ruby-tandoh-vagenda [Accessed 15th February 2015] Lucas, C. (2009) Magazines in a Recession. [Online] Available at: https://www.inpublishing.co.uk/kb/articles/magazines_in_a_recession.aspx [Accessed 21th February 2015] Magazines Direct, 2015. [Online] Available at: https://www.magazinesdirect.com/subscription/marie-claire/32371376/marie-claire.thtml?promotion=jansalebrandutm_medium=Text+linkutm_source=BRAND+WEBSITEutm_campaign=XMC+brand+site+hardlinksutm_content=Main+Menu+Text+Link [Accessed on 18th February 2015] Ponsford, D. (2014) UK magazine combined print/digital sales figures for first half 2014: Complete breakdown. Press Gazette, [online] 14th August. Available at: https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/uk-magazine-combined-printdigital-sales-figures-first-half-2014-complete-breakdown [Accessed 10th February 2015] Carmen J.M. and Langeard E. (2012). Growth Strategies of Service Firms, Strategic Management Journal, 1, 7 - 22. Donnelly J.H. Jr (2010). Marketing Intermediaries in Channels of Distribution for Services, Journal of Marketing, 40, 55 - 70. Levitt T. (2011). Marketing Intangible Products and Product Intangibles, Harvard Business Review, 81, 94 - 102. Murray, K. B. and Schlacter, J.L. (2010). The impact of services versus goods on consumers assessments of risk and variability, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 18, 1, 51-65 Rathmell J.M. (2012). What is Meant by Services?, Journal of Marketing, 30, 32 -36. Regan W.J. (2013). The Service Revolution, Journal of Marketing, 47, 57 - 62. Zeithaml, V.A. and Bitner, M.J. (2009). Services Marketing, New York, New York: McGraw Hill. Zeithaml V.A., Parasuraman A. and Berry L.L. (2013). Problems and Strategies in Services Marketing, Journal of Marketing, 49, 33 - 46. Levitt T. (2011). Marketing Intangible Products and Product Intangibles, Harvard Business Review, 81, 94 - 102. Murray, K. B. and Schlacter, J.L. (2010). The impact of services versus goods on consumers assessments of risk and variability, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 18, 1, 51-65 Alford, B.L., Sherrell, D.L., 2013. The role of affect in consumer satisfaction judgments of credence-services. Journal of Business Research 37, 7184. Ballantyne, D., Christopher, M., Payne, A., 2012. Improving the quality of services marketing: service (re)design is the critical link. Journal of Marketing Management 11, 724. Berry, L.L., Parasuraman, A., 2011. Marketing Services: Competing Through Quality. Free Press, New York. Bitner, M.J., Booms, B.H., Tetreault, M.S., 2010. The service encounter: diagnosing favorable and unfavorable incidents. Journal of Marketing 54, 7184. Booms, B.H., Bitner, M.J., 2011. Marketing strategies and organisation structures for service firms. In: Donnelly, J., George, W. (Eds.), Marketing of Services. American Marketing Association, Chicago, IL, pp. 4751. Kotler. P. 2009. Markkinoinnin avaimet. Helsinki: Readme.fi Mazzucato. M. 2002. Strategy for Business. London: SAGE Publications Philip Kotler, Marketing Management, 21th ed.(Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2013), p. 38.

Weird Hair, Unknown Language, and Unearthly Food free essay sample

Gazing at the unnatural city, I walked through the streets feeling lost and forgotten. There was no one familiar. How others spoke was like trying to understand a newborn baby, impossible. I didn’t know how I was going to survive in this dreadful town. The clothes were shocking and I would never be caught dead walking with the ugly long dresses that every women and girl wore on a daily basis. The food looked like hair that was pulled out of a ten-year-old drain, and I thought, why would someone want to eat this food? I had the worst perspective on the town and didn’t even take a second to respect what they do in their culture and city. I know that this sounds like something that is normal to us, but just wearing shorts and a t-shirt made you feel like you were showing everything compared to the citizens of Qatar. I only thought about America and what I thought was the only way to live. We had just moved from Albuquerque, New Mexico because of my dad’s job. He needed to move to the central offices in Doha, Qatar. I was five years old and a total American child. I thought that any where outside of the United Sates was too different, weird, and not what I wanted. I moved with my family, my mom, dad, and sister. I insisted that my family needed to give up trying to figure out this town and the people in it. No one was respecting us and no one could understand what we were trying to tell them. We hopped into our white Range Rover like we owned the city and sped down the road like we didn’t even see any other object. We drove passed hundreds of old, crummy, and vile houses that I was praying to God weren’t like ours. I was acting so spoiled, rude, and judgmental, I had no honor for what their style was and thought the only way to live and design was like it was in America, the people had no life’s, the town was like the ghetto of the world, and they seemed to all own camels, I rudely thought to my selfish self. As we slowly drove up to our gorgeous new shiny as glass house, I couldn’t believe that I thought my parents would even think about buying any other house. The house was shinning in the path of the sun, bricks smooth as peanut butter, and prettier than a newly bloomed flower in the sunset of the sky. We were going to have to go to school and that day was tomorrow. It was Sunday night; Monday was going to be the ultimate first day of elementary school, in Qatar. The last thing that I wanted to do was go meet strange kids who are going to try to talk to me with their long white dresses and covers on their face. I couldn’t understand them; they acted like I didn’t fit in. This day was going to be the start of the rest of my life: no good food, different people, and not being able to communicate with anyone. We drove up to the school blasting Disney Channel’s, That’s So Raven, theme song. As I walked up to the dreadful front doors of a child prison, there were people who acted friendly and welcoming, but I knew that it was all just an act. Their polite facial expressions looked as fake as a Malibu Barbie. The people in the school were totally different then the people in the town. It was like I was not in Qatar. I realized at that moment that this school was a school for American children. I was just like all the other kids and they were just like me. I was not alone. I was not the only kid that was coming to a new town. They may also came from America, thinking that they were different, just the way that I was feeling. That was the moment when my mind clicked that I was not alone. This town was just different then America. That does not mean that it was wrong or off target. â€Å"Mom, this is nothing like I expected! Everyone is just like me,† I exalted. â€Å"Katie, there is a reason that we put you into this school and not a public one,† my mom politely replied back. This was a realization; my parents knew how I was only thinking about America and what they do there. They didn’t want me to turn into someone that is doesn’t feel like an American, but they wanted me to learn about other cultures and their traditions. The school was a place of love, happiness, and welcoming people. Yet, the moment tha t I walked out of the school everything changed, the people’s attitudes, being able to talk to the people, and having friends. The American School of Doha, ASD, was somewhere that felt like home to me. But the moment I walked outside the school I felt like I was put into a new world, they were two different places that had little in common. The outside world was like an unreliable setting where you couldn’t talk, look, or even ask anyone anything; to me it was like they didn’t even want you to be there and they seemed very racist towards American. When they saw that you were from America it was all downhill from there, they would be rude, snotty, and unfriendly towards you. When you are in a foreign country, you don’t know their rules, you can’t just decide to do something that you think might be right. The traditions that each country follows are what make us all different. They are not all the same as America and that is something that you need to be very careful respectful of. It was so different moving from my old rustic town of Albuquerque, to the up-town, high business town of Doha. They were two totally opposite countries and they were both my homes. They don’t seem to have anything in common, it was not that Qatar was a bad or not normal town they just seemed to do things differently. Moving out of America really opened my eyes to the world around me. Each person has a different perspective and has different beliefs. The longer I lived in Qatar, I realized that while living through all the different cultures, traditions, and styles that when people have their own way of living. It may not be the way that you think, they just are brought up and taught the way the family and city is normally. In Qatar, I was always convinced that just because the sales people, waiters, and mangers in the cities stores and restaurants were rude to me, but really I just had my set to that. I never even tried to think about them po sitively. Living through all the changes and different atmosphere really changed my perspective on the world around us. Not only does each country have different traditions and ways of life, but also we need to respect how they live. Just because we may not think this is they way people live, but they know how they want to walk the earth and it is not our job to tell them how to. Honor, character, and fairness are needed when you are representing your country to the world around you. There is no need to judge the people that are not like you because when you don’t give them a chance you may not be really finding out who they are.

Psychology in the Modern World Essay Example

Psychology in the Modern World Essay Critical Thinking using Psychological Science The Learning Alliance for Higher Education, an educational consulting firm based at the University of Pennsylvania, was hired by City College in 2011 to investigate and make recommendations for improving undergraduate retention and graduation at the College. Even though most City College students receive financial assistance, have decent high school grades, and live at home with their parents – factors that should contribute to good graduation rates – in fact, currently only 7% of students admitted to the College graduate from it in four years. Only 36% graduate in six years. Indeed, roughly half of the students admitted drop out completely within two years. Students who transfer to City College from another school, either inside or outside the CUNY system (e. g. , a CUNY community college), disappear even faster: Half leave the College, and half of those leave by their first year at the College. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology in the Modern World specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology in the Modern World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology in the Modern World specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The goal of Fun Paper #1 is to use your critical thinking skills to evaluate the consultant’s report and consider hypotheses for explaining and improving the low City College graduation rate. We want you to write a paper that considers the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence and arguments, provides interpretations, and reaches your own conclusions using psychological science. Begin by reading the report, which is included at the bottom of this assignment. First, title your paper â€Å"A Critical Examination of Retention and Dropout at City College†. Next: FOLLOW EACH OF THE FOLLOWING FIVE INSTRUCTIONS EXACTLY (The following is a detailed outline on how you should write this paper): Your paper should consist of five paragraphs corresponding to the 5 questions below. DO NOT write an outlined paper: It needs to be in essay format. Within each paragraph, please be clear on which letter you are answering by placing a bold letter in front of the sentences. If you are answering â€Å"1a† place a letter â€Å"a† before the sentence/s. (Here’s an example: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a summary of a report conducted by City College to make recommendations for student admission to the College. I found several strengths in this report. 1 a. One of the most convincing statements by the report’s author was†¦) 1. Begin the first paragraph of the paper with these sentences: â€Å"The purpose of this paper is to evaluate a report conducted by The Learning Alliance to investigate student retention at City College. I found several findings from this report helpful in illuminating the retention problem. † a. Which combinations of ethnicity and gender are most vulnerable to becoming college dropouts at City College? Which combinations of ethnicity and gender are least vulnerable to becoming college dropouts? Develop one hypothesis for why certain ethnic/gender groupings tend to drop out. (5 pts). b. Describe the correlation between when someone is admitted to the College and the tendency to drop out? Has this correlation increased, decreased, or stayed the same between 2004 and 2006? Suggest one interpretation of this correlation and its trend. (5 pts). c. City College dropout rates appear to depend in part on where someone originally comes from: the city, the state, or outside the country (which could include both the documented and the undocumented). How does where you come from affect dropout? Develop one hypothesis for why place of origin affects retention. (5 pts). 2. Begin the second paragraph of the paper with this sentence: â€Å"The retention problem may be due in part to the background preparation of students for college. † a. Describe the relationship between retention at City College and scores on pre-admission indices such as high school grades and SAT scores. What do these indices and this relationship suggest is one reason why City College students drop out in such great numbers? (5 pts). b. Describe the relationship between retention at City College and the numbers of courses students take and receive credit for each semester. Why would the number of courses taken affect retention? (5 pts). c. Use the relationships you have described in the second paragraph to develop a hypothesis about the role of background preparation for college in explaining dropout. (5 pts). 3. Begin the third paragraph of the paper with these sentences: â€Å"The retention problem may also be due in part to the reasons students come to study at City College, which has a lower retention and graduation rate than other senior colleges within CUNY. For example, many students come to City College to become engineering or pre-med majors. † a. Describe the relationship between students’ preferences for CUNY colleges and retention. (5 pts). b. How do engineering or pre-med majors fare here compared with other majors at the College? (5 pts). c. Describe how student preferences and area of major might jointly explain low retention at City College (hint: return to your hypothesis about background preparation for college). (5 pts). 4. Begin the fourth paragraph of the paper with these sentences: â€Å"One limitation of the report by The Learning Alliance is in the research strategy they used, which focused on associations between retention rates and a set of academic factors such as demographics and performance. † a. Name three variables not considered in this report that you think would have a strong relationship with retention at City College. For each variable, describe how you would collect the data and what relationship to retention you hypothesize. (6 pts). b. Explain the weakness in the research strategy used by The Learning Alliance. Why is it difficult to explain the high dropout rate at City College when relying exclusively on the relationships among variables (6 pts). c. What alternative research strategy would you recommend that obviates the problems of the one used by The Learning Alliance. Why is your recommended research strategy better? (6 pts). 5. Suppose you hypothesize from The Learning Alliance report that the high dropout rate at City College might be alleviated if at-risk students could be identified early with immediate intervention. Bob agrees to test your hypothesis using the current class of students enrolled in PSY 102. You divide students in the class into two groups: (1) Intervention Group: Sections in which the teaching assistants meet individually each week with any student who misses a class or an assignment; and (2) Baseline Group: Sections in which teaching assistants post grades and absences on Blackboard, but don’t meet specially with at-risk students. Begin the final paragraph of the paper with this sentence: â€Å"I have designed a study to test a hypothesis intended ultimately to improve the retention rate at City College. a. Describe the study, including how and when you plan to measure retention and how you plan to control for any preexisting differences between the groups. (6 pts). b. How can you tell whether any improvement in retention in the Intervention Group is due to at-risk students getting more attention from teaching assistants, developing better college learning skills, or som ething else entirely? How would you control for the different alternative explanations? (7 pts). c. Describe the statistical test you would perform to test the difference in retention between the two groups. What is the numerator of your statistical test? The denominator? (7 pts). d. Create a chart in Excel to show what you expect to find. Label the independent and dependent variables. Paste the chart into your fun paper. Write a concluding statement that summarizes your results from the chart and their implications for students entering City College this year. (7 pts). A tenth of your grade will be based on the following: a. Effective written communication (2 pts) b. Critical thinking and logical reasoning ability (2 pts) c. Ability to formulate questions, hypotheses, and research designs (2 pts) d. Proper use of psychological concepts and theories (2 pts) e. Competence in quantitative reasoning and analysis of research findings (2 pts) †¢ Due by 5:00 pm on MONDAY, OCTOBER 15th. Late papers will not be accepted. †¢ All papers need to be submitted electronically using the Assignment section in Blackboard (click on YOUR SECTION, then click on Course Tools > go to assignments > go to fun papers > click on the link corresponding to Fun Paper #1. Once there, scroll down and where it says â€Å"Attach local file† browse your computer for the finished paper and add it. Then click submit, and you are done). †¢ With the exception of the instructed sentences, the entire paper must be in your own words, in essay format and typewritten (double spaced) using Microsoft Word. †¢ Quoted, paraphrased, or borrowed sentences or phrases are not allowed. DO NOT USE ANY OF THE TEXT FROM THE LEARNING ALLIANCE REPORT, EVEN IN QUOTES. These will be regarded as plagiarism, which will be penalized by a zero on the assignment and a report filed with the Office of the Academic Integrity Official. Plagiarism software will be used to analyze your paper prior to grading. Do not use external references outside of lecture notes, the retention report, and the textbook. †¢ The paper should not exceed 4 pages. [pic] TOWARD UNDERSTANDING PERSISTENCE A Report on Undergraduate Retention at The City College of New York submitted by The Learning Alliance for Higher Education at the University of Pennsylvania April 2011 Undergraduate Retention The Issue The City Colleg e of New York (CCNY), concerned about its ability to retain and graduate the students who enter as full-time undergraduates, asked The Learning Alliance to conduct a study of student retention. Just about half of the first-time full-time freshmen leave CCNY before completing a degree, and nearly half of the students who enter as full-time transfer students stop attending before they finish their courses of study. This report examines the factors that contribute to the non-persistence at CCNY. It focuses more specifically on who leaves, when they leave, and what appears to cause them to leave. The Data For the analysis, CCNY provided the records for all 14,428 students who started CCNY as full-time undergraduates in fall 2004 though fall 2009 (Admissions Files). Consisting of data for 9,245 freshmen and 5,183 transfer students, the file includes demographic and admissions information. (See Appendix B for the data elements. ) In addition, CCNY provided academic profiles of all enrolled undergraduates for every semester from fall 2004 through spring 2010 (Academic Files). These files were merged with the Admissions Files so that each entering student has a profile of his or her experience at CCNY. The information in the Academic Files includes grades and credits, among other data. (See Appendix C for data elements. ) A file containing all undergraduates who received bachelor’s degrees from CCNY between spring 2005 and spring 2010 enabled us to flag those who had completed their degrees, and a list of those enrolled in fall 2010 allowed us to flag those who were continuing to pursue a degree. The Analysis The analysis is divided into two parts: freshmen and transfers. For freshmen there is good information about academic preparation, with high school GPA and SAT scores for most incoming students. For transfers there is information about the institutions from which they transferred and the credits1 they carried forward to CCNY. The freshmen analysis comprises matriculating students from fall 2004-2006, while the transfer analysis includes students who entered in fall 2007 as well. In addition to statistical profiles and statistical significance tests of the differences between students who failed to continue or complete their studies and those who did continue or complete their studies, logistic 1As will be discussed later in this report, the transfer credits were not recorded consistently. regression models were built to help quantify the odds of a student with a particular profile failing to be retained. FRESHMEN Highlights †¢Half of all entering freshmen stop attending CCNY. Freshmen who fail to persist tend to do so early: about one-third of the non-persisters are off the rolls in or after the first year, two-thirds of all non-persisters stop attending by the end of the second year. †¢Freshmen who stop attending begin to develop academic problems in the first semester. Those students earn fewer credits on average than persisting students and have significantly lower GPAs on average than those who persist, and particularly those who graduate. The later the admissions phase in which a freshman is admitted, the more likely he or she is to stop attending. †¢Freshmen who chose CCNY as their first choice school are more likely to persist. †¢Freshmen who persist for at least four semesters, but ultimately leave without a degree, attend school part-time in a larger proportion of semesters than do students who continue to persist. †¢Freshmen who select a math-based STEM major (excluding those in the biological sciences) are somewhat more likely to be non-persisters. SAT scores are correlated with academic performance, so it is no surprise that students with lower entering SAT scores, on average, are less likely to persist. †¢Similarly, students with lower high school grade point averages are less likely to persist. General Findings Any freshman that matriculated as a full-time student at CCNY in the fall of 2004, 2005, or 2006 is included in this analysis. Students are considered â€Å"Not Enrolled,† that is, non- persisters, if they did not enroll in fall 2010. If they are included in a list of graduates from 2004 through 2010, then they are considered â€Å"Graduated. Everyone else is â€Å"Still Enrolled. † As Figure 1 shows, more than half of all students who enrolled as freshmen in 2004 and 2005, and nearly half of those who entered in 2006 left CCNY before completing their degrees. Because students tend to take more t han four years to complete their programs, the data for the students who entered in 2006 is less complete than the data for 2004 and 2005. It can be expected that a number of those who are still enrolled will be off the rolls before they can graduate. Figure 1. Full-time Freshmen by Status as of Fall 2010 Fall of First Freshman Enrollment | |F2004 |F2005 |F2006 | |Not Enrolled |612 |665 |698 | |Still Enrolled |105 |246 |718 | |Graduated |451 |367 |113 | |Total |1168 |1278 |1529 | |% Non-Persisting |52% |52% |46% | Freshmen who fail to persist tend to leave CCNY early in their academic careers. Among those who leave CCNY, between 8 and 11 percent are gone after just one semester. For example, of the 612 freshmen that entered CCNY in fall 2004, but did not persist, 62 or 10. 1% attended for no more than one semester. At the end of two semesters around one- third of those who ultimately leave are not registered, and after only two years the vast majority—around two-thirds of those who ultimately drop out—are no longer registered. Figure 2. Distribution of Non-Persisting Freshmen by Semesters Attended Before Leaving CCNY Semesters Enrolled Fall of First Freshman Enrollment Cumulative Number No Longer Enrolled | |F2004 |F2005 |F2006 | |1 |62 |55 |77 | |2 |199 |212 |253 | 3 |288 |316 |354 | |4 |406 |439 |484 | |5 or more |612 |665 |698 | Semesters Enrolled Cumulative Percent of All Non-Persisters F2004 F2005 F2006 |1 |10. 1% |8. 3% |11. % | |2 |32. 5% |31. 9% |36. 2% | |3 |47. 1% |47. 5% |50. 7% | |4 |66. 3% |66. 0% |69. 3% | |5 or more |100. 0% |100. 0% |100. 0% | Demographics The demographic profile of freshmen who stop attending reflects the conventional wisdom: men are more likely to be non-persisters than are women, and traditionally underrepresented minorities—black and Hispanic freshmen (who are nevertheless not underrepresented at CCNY)—are more likely to stop attending than are others. The differences between men and women, across ethnic groups, and citizenship, are statistically significant every year. Figure 3A. Percent of Freshmen Who Did Not Persist by Gender Fall of First Freshman Enrollment | |F2004 |F2005 |F2006 | |Gender |Total % Not |Total % Not |Total % Not | | |Freshman Enrolled |Freshman Enrolled |Freshman Enrolled | | |Cohort |Cohort |Cohort | |Female |531 48. % |592 48. 1% |760 43. 7% | |Male |637 55. 9% |686 55. 4% |769 47. 6% | p =